The Catcher in the Rye is set in the 1950s, a time marked by rapid social change and a growing concern with authenticity versus superficiality—often termed as 'phoniness'. The protagonist, Holden Caulfield, navigates a world that seems increasingly insincere, especially among adults who are preoccupied with appearances and materialism. This period, post-World War II, was characterised by economic prosperity but also by a cultural shift towards conformity, which Holden perceives as a form of social inauthenticity. Throughout the novel, Holden encounters numerous characters who embody this 'phoniness', from superficial classmates to adult figures who mask their true feelings. His rebellious attitude and desire for purity reflect his critique of a society obsessed with appearances and social masks. The phrase 'phoniness' encapsulates Holden's suspicion of the superficiality he perceives around him, and this theme is deeply intertwined with the cultural tensions of the 1950s, as America wrestled with changing values and identity. Understanding this historical backdrop helps in analysing Holden's perspective and his emotional responses to the world he observes.