Question 1: Describe the process of how a glacier forms from accumulated snow over many years.

Answer: Snow accumulates in a cold environment, compresses into ice over time, and gradually thickens to form a glacier through compaction and recrystallization.

Question 2: Explain what a cirque is and how it is formed by glacial activity.

Answer: A cirque is a bowl-shaped hollow on the side of a mountain, formed by the erosion of a glacier that excavates the landscape through plucking and abrasion.

Question 3: Identify and describe two landforms created by glacial erosion.

Answer: Examples include a U-shaped valley, formed when a glacier erodes a river valley into a U shape, and a arête, which is a sharp ridge created between two glacial valleys.

Question 4: Explain the difference between a glacier's accumulation zone and ablation zone.

Answer: The accumulation zone is where snow and ice are added to the glacier, while the ablation zone is where ice melts or sublimates, leading to ice loss.

Question 5: Draw a simple cross-section of a glacier showing its main parts: accumulation zone, ablation zone, and the ice flow.

Answer: A correct sketch should show a sloped glacier with the upper part labeled as the accumulation zone, the lower part as the ablation zone, and arrows indicating ice flow from the accumulation to the ablation zone.

Question 6: Describe what a lateral moraine is and how it is formed during glaciation.

Answer: A lateral moraine is a ridge of debris that accumulates along the sides of a glacier, formed from material fallen onto the glacier from valley walls.

Question 7: Identify two ways in which glaciers contribute to landscape change when they retreat.

Answer: Glaciers retreat by melting, leaving behind features such as U-shaped valleys and moraines, which are deposits of debris previously carried by the glacier.

Question 8: Explain what is meant by 'glacial plucking' and its role in erosion.

Answer: Plucking occurs when a glacier freezes onto rocks and pulls them away as the glacier moves, contributing to erosion and the shaping of the landscape.

Question 9: Sketch the process of how a glacial trough is formed, including the main stages of erosion.

Answer: A correct sketch should depict a V-shaped valley being widened and deepened by a glacier, transforming into a U-shaped valley with smooth, steep sides, showing stages of erosion through abrasion and plucking.

Question 10: Discuss the impact of climate change on glacial landscapes.

Answer: Climate change leads to rising temperatures, causing glaciers to melt and retreat, which results in the loss of glacial landforms and increased sediment deposits downstream.

Question 11: Describe the formation of a roche moutonnée and the processes involved.

Answer: A roche moutonnée is a rounded rock formation created when a glacier erodes the upstream side through plucking and abrasion, while the downstream side is smoothed by abrasion.