Question 1: When did the Roman Republic officially begin?

Answer: 509 BC

Question 2: Who was the first Roman Emperor?

Answer: Augustus

Question 3: Name the primary language spoken in Ancient Rome.

Answer: Latin

Question 4: What was the main purpose of the Roman Senate?

Answer: To advise and govern Rome

Question 5: In which year did Julius Caesar cross the Rubicon?

Answer: 49 BC

Question 1: Source: 'The Roman Senate was a powerful governing body that advised the consuls and represented the aristocratic class.' What was the purpose of this source? Who is the intended audience? How reliable is this source for understanding the Senate's role?

Answer: The purpose is to describe the Senate's function; the audience is students or readers learning about Roman government; it is a secondary source likely accurate but may be simplified, and its reliability depends on context, though it provides a general understanding of the Senate's role.

Question 2: Source: A Roman coin depicting Julius Caesar with the inscription 'Divus Julius'. What does this source suggest about Caesar's status in Rome?

Answer: The coin suggests Caesar was regarded as divine or semi-divine, indicating his elevated status and influence in Roman society.

Question 1: Explain why the Roman Republic transitioned into the Roman Empire.

Answer: The transition was caused by internal conflicts, political corruption, and military upheaval, culminating in Julius Caesar's dictatorship and Augustus's rise, leading to the establishment of the Empire for centralized authority.

Question 2: Describe how Roman engineering achievements contributed to the empire's stability and expansion.

Answer: Roman engineering, such as aqueducts, roads, and concrete architecture, facilitated efficient communication, trade, and military mobility, which supported political stability and territorial expansion.

Question 3: Explain the significance of the Pax Romana for the Roman Empire.

Answer: The Pax Romana was a period of relative peace and stability across the empire, allowing economic growth, cultural exchange, and consolidation of Roman authority.

Question 1: To what extent was Julius Caesar responsible for the fall of the Roman Republic? Discuss using evidence.

Answer: Model answer should discuss Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon, his dictatorship, and the subsequent civil wars, highlighting that his actions accelerated the decline of republican institutions, but also consider other factors such as political corruption and military loyalty. A balanced argument should be presented.