Question 1: When did Louis Pasteur publish his germ theory of disease?

Answer: 1864

Question 2: Who was Florence Nightingale and why is she significant in 19th Century Medicine?

Answer: Florence Nightingale was a nurse who improved sanitation and hospital conditions during the Crimean War, significantly reducing death rates.

Question 3: Which major invention in the 19th century revolutionized blood transfusions?

Answer: The discovery of blood groups by Karl Landsteiner

Question 4: Describe one way in which medical training changed during the 19th century.

Answer: Medical training became more formalized with university-based education, improving standards and professionalism.

Question 5: What was the main impact of antiseptic techniques introduced by Joseph Lister?

Answer: Antiseptic techniques significantly reduced post-surgical infections and mortality rates.

Question 1: Source: A Victorian medical textbook describing germ theory: 'The presence of microbes is the cause of many diseases.' What was the purpose of this source, and how reliable is it as a primary source?

Answer: The purpose was to communicate new scientific ideas; as a primary source from the period, it reflects the emerging acceptance of germ theory, though it may also contain early scientific inaccuracies.

Question 2: A newspaper article from 1854 describing Florence Nightingale's work during the Crimean War: 'Nightingale’s efforts have revolutionized hospital sanitation.' Who was the intended audience, and what does this source reveal about public attitudes?

Answer: The audience was the general Victorian public; it shows admiration for Nightingale's work and highlights the importance placed on sanitation and reform.

Question 3: Evaluate the reliability of this quote from a 19th-century doctor: 'The germ theory is merely a hypothesis and not yet proven.'

Answer: This reflects skepticism common before germ theory was widely accepted; its reliability is limited as scientific evidence later proved germ theory correct.

Question 1: Explain why the development of antiseptic techniques was a significant breakthrough in 19th Century Medicine.

Answer: Antiseptic techniques reduced infection rates after surgery, saving lives. Joseph Lister's use of carbolic acid proved effective, transforming surgical practices and increasing survival rates.

Question 2: Describe how the work of Florence Nightingale contributed to the improvement of hospital conditions.

Answer: Nightingale emphasized cleanliness, sanitation, and proper ventilation, which greatly reduced death rates. Her statistical work also highlighted the importance of hygiene in hospitals.

Question 3: Explain how the discovery of germ theory changed medical understanding and treatment during the 19th century.

Answer: Germ theory provided a scientific explanation for disease transmission, leading to better sterilization, vaccination, and public health measures, transforming medicine from miasma-based ideas.

Question 1: To what extent did technological innovations in the 19th century improve medical outcomes? (8-12 marks)

Answer: Technological innovations such as the microscope, X-ray, and blood transfusion greatly improved diagnosis and treatment, reducing mortality rates. However, access was uneven, and some innovations faced resistance or limitations. Overall, these advancements marked a significant step forward, though they were complemented by improvements in hygiene and understanding of disease.

Question 2: How far do you agree that the 19th century was the most important period for the development of modern medicine?

Answer: The 19th century was crucial due to germ theory, antiseptics, and medical education reforms, laying foundations for modern practices. However, earlier periods such as the Renaissance also contributed key ideas. Overall, the 19th century was a pivotal era that transformed medicine into a scientific discipline.