Question 1: Define the musical device known as 'ostinato' and describe how it can be used effectively in a composition.

Answer: An ostinato is a repeating musical pattern that persists throughout a section or piece. It can be used to create a hypnotic effect, establish a rhythmic or melodic motif, and provide a foundation for other musical elements.

Question 2: Identify the device used when a composer intentionally repeats a melodic phrase at different pitches, creating a sense of variation. Explain how this device contributes to musical interest.

Answer: This device is called 'sequence.' It contributes to musical interest by providing variation and development of the original melodic idea, maintaining listener engagement.

Question 3: Listen to a described scenario: A piece features a sudden, loud chord followed by a quick drop to a soft melody. What musical device is being used here? Explain its effect.

Answer: This is an example of 'dynamics contrast.' It creates drama and emphasizes key moments, capturing the listener's attention.

Question 4: Describe how a 'call and response' device might be used within a choir setting. Include the roles of the 'call' and the 'response.'

Answer: In call and response, one group or individual (the 'call') sings or plays a phrase, which is then answered by another group or individual (the 'response'). This creates an interactive, conversational musical effect.

Question 5: Sketch a simple rhythmic pattern that could serve as an ostinato in a composition. Label the pattern with note durations (e.g., quarter notes, eighth notes).

Answer: A correct sketch would show a repeating pattern of notes, such as: two quarter notes followed by four eighth notes, repeating consistently. The pattern should visually demonstrate repetition and rhythm.

Question 6: Explain the purpose of using a 'modulation' in a composition. How does it affect the listener's experience?

Answer: Modulation involves changing from one key to another within a piece. It adds variety, creates contrast, and can heighten emotional impact or build tension.

Question 7: Identify and describe a musical device that involves gradually increasing the volume of a passage over time.

Answer: This device is called a 'crescendo.' It builds intensity and excitement in the music.

Question 8: List three devices a composer might use to create a sense of tension and then release it, providing a brief explanation for each.

Answer: 1. Dissonance — using clashing chords to create tension. 2. Crescendo — gradually increasing volume to build anticipation. 3. Rest or pause — creating silence to heighten tension before resolution.

Question 9: Describe what a 'melodic sequence' involves and give an example of how it might be used in a melodic line.

Answer: A melodic sequence involves repeating a melodic pattern at a different pitch level. It can be used to develop a melodic idea, add variety, or create a sense of movement.

Question 10: Draw a brief melody that uses a descending scale pattern, indicating the note names and durations. Leave a large blank space for your sketch.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a sequence of notes starting from a higher pitch and moving stepwise downward, such as C, B, A, G, F, with note durations consistent (e.g., quarter notes).