Question 1: Describe the typical features of jazz music that emerged in the early 20th century. Mention at least three characteristics.

Answer: Swing rhythm, improvisation, syncopation, use of brass and woodwind instruments, and a lively, rhythmic feel.

Question 2: Listen carefully to a piece of music that uses a lot of dissonance and atonality. What does the term 'atonal' mean?

Answer: Atonal means music that lacks a specific key or tonal centre, often sounding dissonant and unpredictable.

Question 3: Identify one musical feature that is common in the music of the Baroque period and explain its effect.

Answer: The use of ornamentation, such as trills and mordents, which add decorative complexity and expressiveness to the music.

Question 4: Explain how the invention of the phonograph influenced music in the 20th century.

Answer: It allowed music to be recorded and played back, making music more accessible to a wider audience and enabling the spread of new styles.

Question 5: Listen to a piece that features a repeating rhythmic pattern known as 'ostinato'. Describe what an ostinato is.

Answer: An ostinato is a musical motif or phrase that repeats persistently throughout a section of music.

Question 6: Draw a simple sketch of a musical staff with a treble clef and four notes. Describe what a correct sketch should include.

Answer: A proper sketch should show five horizontal lines, a treble clef symbol at the beginning, and four notes placed on different lines or spaces, indicating pitch.

Question 7: Compare the use of harmony in classical music of the early 20th century with that in popular music today.

Answer: Early 20th-century classical music often used complex, dissonant harmonies, whereas modern popular music tends to use simple, consonant chords that support a catchy melody.

Question 8: Identify a musical style from the 20th century that uses electronic instruments extensively. Name the style and describe one characteristic.

Answer: Electronic music; it often features synthesized sounds, digital effects, and innovative textures not possible with traditional instruments.

Question 9: Explain what is meant by 'minimalism' in music and give an example of a composer associated with this style.

Answer: Minimalism is a style characterized by repetitive motifs and gradual changes, creating a hypnotic effect. An example composer is Philip Glass.

Question 10: Describe how World War II influenced the development of music in the second half of the 20th century.

Answer: The war led to the spread of jazz and blues worldwide, the rise of new experimental genres, and increased use of technology and recording techniques.