Question 1: Define social stratification in the context of ethnicity.

Answer: Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in society, often based on factors like ethnicity, wealth, or status, which results in unequal access to resources and opportunities.

Question 2: Describe one way in which ethnic inequality can affect employment opportunities for individuals.

Answer: Ethnic inequality can lead to discrimination in hiring processes, making it harder for individuals from minority ethnic groups to secure certain jobs regardless of their qualifications.

Question 3: Identify two factors that contribute to ethnic disparities in education.

Answer: Factors include overrepresentation of certain ethnic groups in lower-quality schools and language barriers that may hinder learning for some students.

Question 4: Explain what is meant by 'ethnic stereotyping' and give an example.

Answer: Ethnic stereotyping involves making generalized assumptions about individuals based on their ethnicity. For example, believing that all members of a particular ethnic group are good at certain sports.

Question 5: Discuss how residential segregation can contribute to ethnic inequality.

Answer: Residential segregation can limit access to quality education, employment opportunities, and social networks for minority ethnic groups, reinforcing cycles of inequality.

Question 6: Sketch a simple diagram showing how social stratification can be structured based on ethnicity, including at least three layers or levels.

Answer: A layered diagram with the top layer representing the majority ethnic group with the most privileges, a middle layer representing mixed or minority groups with moderate opportunities, and a bottom layer representing marginalized ethnic groups with limited access to resources.

Question 7: Evaluate one policy or initiative that aims to reduce ethnic inequality in society. (Your answer should include potential benefits and limitations.)

Answer: One policy is affirmative action, which seeks to increase opportunities for minority ethnic groups in employment and education. Benefits include promoting diversity and addressing past discrimination. Limitations include potential perceptions of reverse discrimination and challenges in ensuring fair implementation.

Question 8: Identify and explain one way in which media representations can influence societal attitudes towards ethnic groups.

Answer: Media representations can reinforce stereotypes, shaping societal attitudes to view certain ethnic groups negatively or positively, which can influence social interactions and policies.

Question 9: Describe what is meant by 'systemic racism' and provide an example related to ethnic inequality.

Answer: Systemic racism refers to policies and practices embedded within institutions that perpetuate racial inequality. An example is a housing policy that historically favored certain ethnic groups, leading to segregated communities and unequal access to resources.

Question 10: Sketch a diagram illustrating how ethnic inequality might be perpetuated across different societal institutions (e.g., education, employment, housing).

Answer: A flowchart or interconnected diagram showing how discrimination or bias in one institution (like education) can lead to disadvantages in others (like employment and housing), creating a cycle of inequality.