Question 1: Define the term 'deviance' and explain how it differs from crime.

Answer: Deviance refers to behaviors that violate social norms, which may or may not be illegal. Crime specifically involves actions that break laws established by society. All crimes are deviant, but not all deviant acts are criminal.

Question 2: Describe how the Functionalist perspective explains the existence of crime in society.

Answer: Functionalists see crime as a normal part of society that serves functions such as clarifying social norms, promoting social change, and strengthening social cohesion among those who conform.

Question 3: Explain the main ideas of the Marxist theory of crime.

Answer: Marxist theory views crime as a result of social inequality and capitalism. It argues that laws are created to protect the interests of the ruling class, and crime is a response to economic deprivation and exploitation.

Question 4: Identify and briefly describe two types of crime that are particularly associated with the Labelling Theory.

Answer: Two types of crime associated with Labelling Theory are 'deviant acts' that are criminalized after being labeled by society and 'self-fulfilling prophecies,' where individuals internalize labels, leading them to continue criminal behavior.

Question 5: Critically evaluate how the Differential Association Theory explains criminal behavior.

Answer: The Differential Association Theory suggests that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others who promote criminal values. Its strength is in explaining how environment influences behavior, but it may overlook individual choice and biological factors.

Question 6: Draw a flowchart illustrating the key steps in the Social Learning Theory as it relates to crime.

Answer: The sketch should include boxes showing: 1) Exposure to criminal behavior, 2) Observation and imitation, 3) Reinforcement or punishment, 4) Adoption of criminal behavior. Arrows should connect these steps in sequence.

Question 7: Using your knowledge of Sociological Theories, explain why some groups are more likely to be labeled as 'criminals' than others.

Answer: Group labeling often reflects social inequalities, with marginalized groups more likely to be labeled as deviant or criminal due to stereotypes, bias, and power dynamics, as explained by labelling theory.

Question 8: Briefly describe the concept of 'anomie' as introduced by Durkheim and how it relates to crime.

Answer: Anomie refers to a state of normlessness in society where social norms are unclear or broken down, leading to increased crime as individuals struggle to find guidance for acceptable behavior.

Question 9: Compare the views of the Functionalist and Marxist theories on the causes of crime.

Answer: Functionalists see crime as a normal part of society that helps maintain social cohesion and social change. Marxists, however, see crime as a result of social inequality and capitalism, viewing laws as tools of the ruling class to maintain power.