Question 1: Define 'participant observation' and explain how it differs from 'non-participant observation'.

Answer: Participant observation involves the researcher actively engaging in the group or environment being studied, while non-participant observation involves observing without direct involvement. Participant observation allows for deeper understanding but may risk bias; non-participant is more detached but less immersive.

Question 2: Identify two advantages of using covert observation in sociological research.

Answer: Advantages include gaining access to natural behaviours without participants altering their actions due to awareness of being observed, and reducing observer effects that can influence results.

Question 3: List three potential ethical issues that researchers must consider when conducting covert observations.

Answer: Invasion of privacy, lack of informed consent, and potential harm or distress caused to participants.

Question 4: Describe a scenario where overt observation might be more appropriate than covert observation.

Answer: Overt observation is suitable when studying sensitive issues where informed consent is necessary, such as observing classroom interactions or community meetings to ensure ethical standards are maintained.

Question 5: Explain what is meant by 'reactivity' in observation research and how it can affect findings.

Answer: Reactivity refers to the change in participants' behaviour because they are aware of being observed, which can lead to unnatural behaviours and affect the validity of the data.

Question 6: List two strategies researchers can use to minimise reactivity during observations.

Answer: Using unobtrusive observation techniques and spending enough time in the environment to allow participants to become accustomed to the researcher’s presence.

Question 7: Draw a simple diagram to illustrate a basic observational study setup, including the observer and participants within a setting.

Answer: The diagram should show a researcher (observer) positioned to observe a group of people (participants) within a specified environment, such as a classroom or street scene, with clear labels for each element.

Question 8: List three qualities or skills that are important for a sociologist conducting observational research.

Answer: Objectivity, patience, good communication skills, and keen observational ability.

Question 9: What is 'validity' in the context of observational research, and why is it important?

Answer: Validity refers to the extent to which the observation accurately reflects the real behaviours or phenomena being studied. It is important because it determines the trustworthiness and usefulness of the research findings.

Question 10: Identify and briefly explain one limitation of observational research in sociology.

Answer: One limitation is observer bias, where the researcher’s personal views or expectations influence what they notice and record, potentially skewing results.

Question 11: Sketch a scene of a sociologist conducting covert observation in a public park. In your drawing, include the sociologist, people in the park, and any equipment used for observation.

Answer: The sketch should depict a researcher blending into the environment, perhaps sitting on a bench with a notebook or camera, observing people engaged in various activities without being noticed. The scene should show the park setting with trees, benches, and people in the background.