Question 1: Define the term 'childhood' in the context of sociology. Explain why childhood is considered a distinct stage of life.

Answer: Childhood is the period of life when a person is young and still dependent on their parents or guardians. It is considered a distinct stage because children have different needs, rights, and responsibilities compared to adults, and society often treats them differently based on their age.

Question 2: Identify two ways in which family roles during childhood can vary across different cultures.

Answer: In some cultures, children are expected to contribute significantly to household chores from a young age, while in others, childhood is protected from work and responsibilities. Additionally, in certain cultures, children may have specific roles based on gender, such as boys being expected to learn a trade early, whereas girls may focus on domestic tasks.

Question 3: Describe one way in which the relationship between parents and children can influence a child's development.

Answer: A supportive and nurturing parent-child relationship can promote children's emotional well-being, self-esteem, and social skills, leading to better academic and personal development.

Question 4: Explain what is meant by the term 'peer influence' in childhood and give an example.

Answer: Peer influence refers to the way friends and classmates affect a child's behavior, attitudes, or choices. For example, a child might start to prefer certain clothes or activities because their friends do.

Question 5: Discuss one advantage and one disadvantage of children having technology and social media access.

Answer: An advantage is that children can learn new skills and stay connected with friends, promoting social development. A disadvantage is that it can lead to cyberbullying, reduced face-to-face interactions, and exposure to inappropriate content.

Question 6: Draw a simple diagram to represent the different influences on a child's development within a family. Label at least three influences.

Answer: The diagram should show a central circle labeled 'Child' with arrows pointing to or from influences such as 'Parents,' 'School,' and 'Peers.' Each influence should be clearly labeled.

Question 7: In your own words, describe how the concept of childhood has changed over the past 100 years in the UK.

Answer: Over the past century, childhood in the UK has become more protected and focused on education and play, with less emphasis on children working. Laws now restrict child labor, and society recognizes children’s rights to safety, education, and leisure time.

Question 8: Sketch a typical scene of children playing in a park. Include at least three different types of play activities in your drawing.

Answer: The sketch should depict children engaged in activities such as running, playing on swings, and playing with a ball. The scene should clearly show different forms of play to represent variety.

Question 9: Reflect on how family structures (such as nuclear, extended, or single-parent families) might influence childhood experiences. Provide one example for each type.

Answer: In a nuclear family, children might experience more privacy and stability. In an extended family, children could benefit from additional support from relatives. In a single-parent family, children might face more responsibilities or economic challenges but also develop independence.