Question 1: Define the term 'hidden curriculum' in the context of schooling.

Answer: The hidden curriculum refers to the lessons, values, and norms that are implicitly taught in schools alongside the formal curriculum, such as discipline, social skills, and attitudes towards authority.

Question 2: Explain two ways in which teacher expectations can affect student performance.

Answer: Teacher expectations can influence student performance through the self-fulfilling prophecy, where students perform in ways that confirm teachers' beliefs. For example, high expectations may motivate students to work harder, while low expectations may lead to decreased effort and achievement.

Question 3: Describe what is meant by 'streaming' in schools and discuss one potential advantage and one disadvantage.

Answer: Streaming is the practice of grouping students together based on their ability levels for certain subjects. An advantage is that it allows teaching to be tailored to students' needs, while a disadvantage is that it can reinforce social inequalities and limit interactions between different ability groups.

Question 4: Identify two factors that can influence a student's experience of discipline in school.

Answer: Factors include the school's policies on behavior and the teacher's approach to discipline (e.g., strictness or leniency).

Question 5: Sketch a simple diagram illustrating a typical classroom layout, including the teacher's desk, student desks, and a whiteboard. Label each part.

Answer: A basic classroom layout with a teacher's desk at the front, rows or groups of student desks facing the front, and a whiteboard on the wall. Labels should clearly identify each component.

Question 6: Discuss how peer groups within schools can influence a student's academic choices and attitudes towards education.

Answer: Peer groups can influence students by shaping their attitudes through peer pressure, encouraging or discouraging certain subjects, and affecting motivation. For example, peer acceptance might depend on conforming to group norms regarding schoolwork.

Question 7: Explain what is meant by 'labeling' in a school setting, and give an example of how it might affect a student.

Answer: Labeling refers to the process of attaching a particular identity or stereotype to a student, such as 'troublemaker' or 'gifted.' This can affect how teachers treat the student and how others perceive them, potentially impacting their self-esteem and academic performance.

Question 8: Identify and explain one way that school processes can contribute to social inequality.

Answer: School processes like streaming or unequal access to resources can reinforce social inequalities by giving advantages to students from higher social classes, while limiting opportunities for those from less privileged backgrounds.

Question 9: Describe the term 'selective admission' and discuss one potential impact it has on school composition.

Answer: Selective admission refers to the process of choosing students based on certain criteria, such as academic ability or entrance exams. It can lead to schools having more academically able students but may also increase social stratification by excluding students from disadvantaged backgrounds.

Question 10: Analyze how the school's rules and policies can influence student behavior and the overall school climate.

Answer: School rules and policies set expectations for behavior, promoting discipline and order. Consistent enforcement can foster a positive environment, whereas inconsistent or unfair rules may lead to disobedience and a negative climate.