Question 1: Define the term 'socialisation' in the context of schools. How does school socialisation differ from family socialisation?

Answer: Socialisation is the process by which individuals learn and adopt the norms, values, and behaviors of their society. In schools, socialisation occurs through interactions with teachers and peers, teaching students social skills and conformity. School socialisation differs from family socialisation because it often introduces students to wider societal norms and expectations outside the family context.

Question 2: Explain two ways in which the formal curriculum might reinforce social inequalities.

Answer: First, the formal curriculum may favor the cultural capital of middle-class students, such as exposure to certain language and knowledge, giving them an advantage. Second, the curriculum often reflects the values of the dominant culture, which can marginalize students from different backgrounds and reinforce class or ethnic inequalities.

Question 3: Describe what is meant by the term 'labeling' in a school setting. Provide an example.

Answer: Labeling refers to the process where teachers or peers assign a characteristic or stereotype to a student, which can influence that student's self-identity and behavior. For example, if a student is labeled as 'troublesome,' teachers might treat them differently, which can affect their academic performance.

Question 4: Discuss how peer groups can influence a student's attitude towards school.

Answer: Peer groups can influence attitudes towards school by shaping norms and expectations. If a peer group values academic success, members are more likely to work hard. Conversely, if the group dismisses school or encourages rebellious behavior, students may develop negative attitudes towards education.

Question 5: Identify and explain two ways in which school policies can impact student achievement.

Answer: Firstly, a strict discipline policy can create a positive learning environment by reducing disruptions, thus improving achievement. Secondly, policies that promote inclusivity and support for disadvantaged students can help close achievement gaps and improve overall performance.

Question 6: Describe what is meant by the term 'hidden curriculum' and give an example of how it might operate in a school.

Answer: The hidden curriculum refers to the lessons learned indirectly through the school's culture and routines, such as discipline, conformity, and hierarchy. For example, students learn about obedience and respect for authority through standardized rules and staff expectations, even if these are not part of the formal curriculum.

Question 7: Sketch a simple diagram illustrating the process of streaming students into different ability groups in a school. Label the key parts of the diagram.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a flowchart starting with students entering a school, then branching into different ability groups (e.g., high, middle, low). Each group leads to different classes or sets, illustrating how students are sorted based on ability assessments.

Question 8: Explain how the 'self-fulfilling prophecy' can affect a student's academic performance.

Answer: A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when teachers' expectations influence their behavior towards students, which in turn affects students' performance. For example, if a teacher expects a student to perform poorly, they may give less support, leading the student to indeed perform poorly.

Question 9: Discuss two reasons why some students may drop out of school before completing their education.

Answer: One reason is a lack of engagement or interest in the curriculum, leading students to feel disconnected. Another reason is external factors such as family financial difficulties or needing to work, which make continuing education impractical.

Question 10: Describe what a 'peer-led' support program in schools might involve and how it could benefit students.

Answer: A peer-led support program involves students supporting each other through tutoring, mentoring, or social activities. It can benefit students by fostering a sense of belonging, improving confidence, and providing relatable role models, which can enhance their academic and social development.