Question 1: Define the term 'hidden curriculum' in the context of schools.

Answer: The hidden curriculum refers to the unwritten, unofficial lessons and values that students learn in school, such as discipline, conformity, and social norms.

Question 2: Explain two ways in which streaming or setting students by ability can affect their self-esteem.

Answer: Firstly, students placed in lower sets may develop a negative self-image, believing they are less capable. Secondly, those in higher sets may feel more confident and motivated, but it can also create pressure to maintain their status.

Question 3: Describe how a teacher's expectations can influence student performance, referring to the concept of 'self-fulfilling prophecy'.

Answer: When teachers expect certain students to perform well or poorly, their treatment of these students can influence actual performance. For example, higher expectations may lead teachers to give more attention and support, helping students succeed, which confirms the original expectations.

Question 4: Identify and explain two reasons why some students might underperform in school based on sociological perspectives.

Answer: One reason is socioeconomic background; students from less affluent families may lack resources and support at home. Another reason is cultural capital; students whose family values align with school norms are more likely to succeed.

Question 5: Discuss how peer groups can influence a student's attitude towards education.

Answer: Peer groups can influence attitudes by reinforcing certain behaviors and values. For example, if a peer group values academic achievement, members are more likely to work hard, whereas groups that value rebellion may encourage students to neglect schoolwork.

Question 6: Draw a diagram illustrating the process of streaming students into different ability groups within a school. Label each part clearly.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a flowchart starting with the initial assessment, followed by branches leading to different ability groups (e.g., top, middle, bottom), with labels indicating each step.

Question 7: Explain the concept of 'labeling' in the context of education and give an example.

Answer: Labeling refers to the process where teachers or peers assign a student a particular identity, such as 'troublemaker' or 'academic', which can influence how that student behaves and is treated.

Question 8: Identify two factors that can contribute to gender differences in subject choice at school.

Answer: Societal stereotypes about gender roles influence students' preferences, and teachers may unconsciously encourage different subjects based on gender.

Question 9: Sketch a simple chart showing the relationship between a student's socioeconomic background and their likelihood of academic success. Include labels for each axis.

Answer: A correct sketch would have 'Socioeconomic Background' on the x-axis (ranging from low to high) and 'Likelihood of Academic Success' on the y-axis (ranging from low to high), with a line indicating a positive correlation.

Question 10: Summarize the main ways in which school processes can reproduce social inequalities.

Answer: School processes such as streaming, labeling, and the hidden curriculum can reinforce existing social inequalities by providing different opportunities and expectations based on students' social backgrounds.