Question 1: Describe in your own words what the strain theory suggests about why people commit crimes.

Answer: Strain theory suggests that individuals commit crimes when they experience a disconnect between societal goals and the means available to achieve them, leading to frustration and possibly criminal behaviour.

Question 2: Explain how the concept of 'moral panic' relates to the media's portrayal of crime in society.

Answer: Moral panic occurs when the media exaggerates or sensationalizes certain crimes, causing public fear and leading to increased social concern or policy changes, even if the actual crime rates are unchanged.

Question 3: Identify and briefly describe one sociological theory that views crime as a result of social inequality.

Answer: Marxist theory views crime as a product of social inequality, suggesting that the ruling class maintains power by creating laws that protect their interests, while the oppressed commit crimes due to lack of opportunities.

Question 4: List two reasons why someone might argue that biological theories are insufficient to explain criminal behaviour.

Answer: ["Biological theories do not account for social and environmental factors influencing behaviour.","They suggest crime is inherited or due to physical traits, ignoring the influence of upbringing and societal context."]

Question 5: Compare how functionalist and Marxist theories explain the existence of crime in society.

Answer: Functionalist theory sees crime as a normal part of society that helps reinforce social norms and promote social change, whereas Marxist theory views crime as a result of social inequality and class conflict, serving the interests of the ruling class.

Question 6: Draw a simple diagram showing the main components of anomie theory, including how societal norms and individual goals can lead to criminal behaviour.

Answer: A correct sketch would include: societal norms and values on one side, individual goals on the other, with a broken or strained connection indicating anomie, which can lead to criminal behaviour. The diagram should clearly show how strain between goals and means causes deviance.

Question 7: Describe a real-life scenario where subcultural theory might explain criminal activity.

Answer: A group of young people in a deprived neighbourhood forming a subculture that values gang membership and criminal activities as a way to gain respect and status, which differs from mainstream societal norms.

Question 8: Explain how control theory views the likelihood of someone committing a crime.

Answer: Control theory suggests that individuals are less likely to commit crimes if they have strong bonds to society, such as family, friends, and community, which exert social control and discourage deviant behaviour.

Question 9: Sketch a basic model illustrating how the labeling theory explains the process of becoming a criminal.

Answer: A correct sketch would include: initial behaviour, societal reaction (labeling as 'criminal'), and the subsequent self-identity change leading to continued criminal activity. The diagram should demonstrate how labels influence self-perception and future actions.