Question 1: Define the term 'observation' in the context of sociological research.

Answer: Observation is a research method where the sociologist directly watches and records people's behaviour and interactions in their natural environment.

Question 2: List two advantages of using observation as a research method in sociology.

Answer: 1. It allows researchers to see actual behaviour in real-life settings. 2. It provides detailed, in-depth data that might not be captured through other methods.

Question 3: Identify and explain one potential limitation or disadvantage of observational research.

Answer: A limitation is observer bias, where the researcher’s own expectations or opinions may influence what they record, leading to biased data.

Question 4: Describe the difference between overt and covert observation.

Answer: Overt observation involves participants being aware that they are being observed, while covert observation involves observing without the participants knowing, to avoid their behaviour being altered.

Question 5: Explain why a sociologist might choose to use participant observation instead of non-participant observation.

Answer: A sociologist might choose participant observation to gain a deeper understanding of the group by experiencing their environment firsthand, which can provide richer, more detailed insights.

Question 6: What ethical issues might arise from covert observation? Provide two examples.

Answer: Ethical issues include invasion of privacy and lack of informed consent, which could harm or deceive participants. For example, secretly observing people in their homes or private conversations without permission.

Question 7: Sketch a simple layout of a scene in which a sociologist might conduct covert observation in a public park. Label key features such as the sociologist, the area being observed, and any equipment used.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a park setting with benches, pathways, and people engaging in activities. The sociologist is hidden behind a tree or sitting on a bench, with a notebook or camera (if used) visible. The sketch should clearly label these elements.

Question 8: Discuss one reason why a sociologist might prefer participant observation over other research methods.

Answer: Because it allows the researcher to build trust and rapport with participants, leading to more genuine and detailed data about their behaviours and perspectives.

Question 9: Identify one way in which observation can be complemented with another research method to improve data accuracy.

Answer: Observation can be complemented with interviews or questionnaires to gain insight into participants’ thoughts and motives behind their behaviours.

Question 10: What is meant by 'field notes' in observational research, and why are they important?

Answer: Field notes are detailed written records made by the researcher during or after observation, capturing behaviours, interactions, and context. They are important for analysis and ensuring data is accurately preserved.