Question 1: Waste management involves the collection, treatment, and disposal of waste materials to reduce environmental impact. Explain why sustainable waste management is important for maintaining biodiversity.

Answer: Sustainable waste management prevents pollution, conserves natural habitats, and reduces harm to wildlife, thereby maintaining biodiversity.

Question 1: Define landfill and describe one advantage and one disadvantage of using landfills for waste disposal.

Answer: A landfill is a designated site where waste is buried underground. Advantage: cost-effective; Disadvantage: can cause groundwater contamination.

Question 2: Which method of waste disposal produces methane as a by-product?

Answer: Landfilling

Question 1: Explain the environmental benefits of recycling aluminium cans instead of producing new aluminium from bauxite ore.

Answer: Recycling aluminium saves energy, reduces mining of bauxite, decreases greenhouse gas emissions, and conserves natural resources.

Question 2: Fill in the blank: The process of converting waste materials into new materials or products is called __________.

Answer: recycling

Question 1: Describe the process of composting and mention two types of waste suitable for composting.

Answer: Composting is a biological process where microorganisms decompose organic waste into humus, a nutrient-rich soil conditioner. Suitable waste includes vegetable peelings and garden waste.

Question 2: Calculate the energy saved by recycling 10 kg of aluminium compared to producing the same amount from bauxite, given that recycling saves approximately 95% of the energy used in primary production. Assume the energy needed for primary production is 200 MJ per kg of aluminium.

Answer: Total energy for 10 kg = 200 MJ/kg * 10 kg = 2000 MJ. Energy saved by recycling = 95% of 2000 MJ = 0.95 * 2000 MJ = 1900 MJ.

Question 1: Discuss how modern waste management techniques can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions in urban areas.

Answer: Modern waste management techniques such as composting, recycling, and capturing methane from landfills can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Recycling decreases the need for energy-intensive raw material extraction, composting reduces organic waste that would produce methane if left to decompose anaerobically, and capturing landfill gases prevents methane release into the atmosphere, thus mitigating climate change.

Question 2: Which of the following is NOT a typical component of integrated waste management strategies?

Answer: Ignoring waste segregation