Question 1: Define stem cells and explain what makes them unique compared to other cell types.

Answer: Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods, and they can differentiate into specialised cell types, making them unique due to their ability to develop into various cell types.

Question 2: Describe the difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.

Answer: Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can develop into any cell type, while adult stem cells are multipotent and can only differentiate into a limited range of cell types related to their tissue of origin.

Question 3: Explain the process of stem cell differentiation.

Answer: Stem cell differentiation is the process by which unspecialised stem cells become specialised into specific cell types through gene regulation. This involves changes in gene expression that lead to the development of specific structures and functions characteristic of particular tissues or organs.

Question 4: List two ethical considerations associated with the use of embryonic stem cells.

Answer: Ethical considerations include concerns about the destruction of embryos and the moral status of embryonic life.

Question 5: Calculate the total number of cells produced after 3 divisions of a single stem cell, assuming no cell death occurs.

Answer: 8

Question 6: Identify a potential application of stem cells in regenerative medicine.

Answer: Treating degenerative diseases by replacing damaged tissues

Question 7: Fill in the blank: Stem cells that are capable of developing into any cell type are called __________ stem cells.

Answer: pluripotent

Question 8: Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of using stem cells in medical treatments.

Answer: An advantage is their ability to regenerate damaged tissues, potentially curing diseases. A disadvantage is the risk of immune rejection and ethical concerns regarding their source.

Question 9: Propose a simple experiment to investigate the differentiation of stem cells in a laboratory setting. Include the key variables involved.

Answer: An experiment could involve isolating stem cells and exposing them to different growth factors or chemical signals that promote differentiation into specific cell types. Variables include the type of growth factors (independent variable), the type of differentiated cells formed (dependent variable), and controlled conditions such as temperature and nutrient availability.

Question 10: Explain how stem cells can be used to develop treatments for Parkinson's disease.

Answer: Stem cells can be directed to develop into dopamine-producing nerve cells, which are damaged in Parkinson's disease. These cells can then be transplanted into patients to replace lost neurons and restore function.