Question 1: Define the term 'organelles' as used in animal cells.

Answer: Organelles are specialised structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

Question 2: Explain the role of the nucleus in an animal cell.

Answer: The nucleus controls cell activities and contains genetic material (DNA).

Question 3: Which organelle is responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP?

Answer: Mitochondrion

Question 4: Fill in the blank: The __________ is a semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the animal cell, controlling what enters and exits the cell.

Answer: cell membrane

Question 1: Calculate the surface area to volume ratio of an animal cell with a diameter of 20 micrometres. Use the formula: Surface Area = 4πr^2, Volume = (4/3)πr^3. Express your answer in μm^-1.

Answer: The ratio is approximately 0.6 μm^-1.

Question 1: Identify at least three variables you would control in this experiment and explain why.

Answer: Variables to control include: type of tissue sample (to ensure consistency), staining technique (to allow comparison), and temperature (to prevent cell damage).

Question 1: A researcher measures the diameters of 50 animal cells from liver tissue and records a mean diameter of 22 micrometres with a standard deviation of 2 micrometres. What does this data suggest about the size variation of these cells?

Answer: Most cells have diameters close to 22 μm, with some variation within the standard deviation, indicating relatively uniform cell size.

Question 1: Describe how the structure of the mitochondrion relates to its function in energy production.

Answer: The mitochondrion has a double membrane, with inner folds called cristae that increase surface area, allowing for more enzymes involved in ATP production, making it efficient at energy synthesis.

Question 2: Explain why animal cells require a variety of organelles working together and give an example of how two organelles collaborate.

Answer: Animal cells require different organelles because each performs specific functions; for example, the nucleus controls activities while the endoplasmic reticulum synthesises proteins, and they work together to produce and transport proteins efficiently.

Question 1: Describe how understanding animal cell structures is important in medical research, especially in developing treatments for diseases.

Answer: Knowledge of cell structures helps in understanding disease mechanisms, developing targeted drugs, and creating treatments like gene therapy or stem cell therapy.

Question 2: Suggest how advances in microscopy might improve our understanding of animal cell functions in the future.

Answer: Advances in microscopy can provide higher resolution and live-cell imaging, allowing scientists to observe cell processes in real-time and in greater detail.