Question 1: Bacterial cells are prokaryotic organisms that lack a nucleus and have a simple cell structure. Explain why understanding bacterial cell structure is important for space exploration missions.

Answer: Because bacterial cells can survive in extreme environments, understanding their structure helps in preventing contamination and developing life support systems in space.

Question 2: Describe two key features of bacterial cells that enable them to survive in space environments.

Answer: Their cell wall provides structural support and protection, and their ability to form spores helps them survive harsh conditions.

Question 3: Multiple Choice: Which component of bacterial cells is primarily responsible for protecting the cell from extreme environmental conditions?

Answer: Cell wall

Question 4: Fill in the blank: Bacteria reproduce rapidly through a process called __________, which is especially advantageous in the closed environment of a spacecraft.

Answer: binary fission

Question 5: Calculate the number of bacteria after 4 hours if an initial population of 100 bacteria divides every 20 minutes. (Use the formula: Final population = Initial population × 2^n, where n = number of divisions).

Answer: Final population = 100 × 2^12 = 100 × 4096 = 409600

Question 6: Design a simple experiment to test the effect of space radiation on bacterial mutation rates. Outline the key steps and safety precautions.

Answer: Students should propose exposing bacterial cultures to simulated space radiation in controlled conditions, include control groups, and ensure proper containment and sterilisation to prevent contamination. Safety precautions include using sealed containers, protective gear, and proper disposal of mutated bacteria.

Question 7: Interpret the following scenario: A bacterial strain is observed to survive longer in space conditions than on Earth. Suggest two adaptations that might enable this survival.

Answer: Possible adaptations include a thicker cell wall for protection and the ability to form spores for dormancy in extreme conditions.

Question 8: Explain how bacteria could be utilised in bioremediation during long-term space missions.

Answer: Bacteria can break down waste products and toxins, recycle nutrients, and help maintain a healthy environment inside spacecraft.

Question 9: Describe one safety measure that should be taken when handling bacterial cultures in space laboratories.

Answer: Use sealed, sterilised containers to prevent bacterial release and contamination.

Question 10: Based on what you know about bacterial survival mechanisms, why might bacteria pose a challenge to maintaining sterile conditions on spacecraft?

Answer: Bacteria can survive in harsh conditions due to their protective cell structures and ability to form spores, making sterilisation difficult.