Question 1: Define the three main types of blood vessels and their primary functions.

Answer: Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins return blood to the heart, and capillaries facilitate exchange of substances between blood and tissues.

Question 2: Explain how the elasticity of arteries helps in maintaining blood pressure during circulation.

Answer: Elasticity allows arteries to stretch when blood is pumped out and recoil to maintain a steady flow, helping to regulate blood pressure.

Question 1: Calculate the volume of blood (in litres) flowing through an artery in 1 minute if the flow rate is 5 millilitres per second.

Answer: 0.3 litres

Question 2: If the energy required to pump blood through a vessel is 150 Joules, and the blood volume passing through is 0.5 litres, what is the energy per litre? (Express in Joules per litre)

Answer: 300 Joules per litre

Question 1: Outline the key variables you would control and measure in this experiment, and list two safety precautions to consider.

Answer: Controlled variables include vessel diameter, blood pressure, and fluid viscosity. The independent variable is vessel diameter. The dependent variable is blood flow speed. Safety precautions include handling blood samples with gloves and ensuring proper sterilisation of equipment.

Question 1: Describe how the elasticity of blood vessels can inspire the design of flexible pipelines in renewable energy systems to optimise energy transfer.

Answer: Flexible pipelines that mimic vessel elasticity can absorb pressure fluctuations, reduce energy loss, and adapt to changing flow conditions, improving overall efficiency.

Question 2: In a scenario where vessel resistance increases, what impact would this have on energy required to maintain flow, and how could this inform renewable energy pipeline design?

Answer: Increased resistance raises the energy needed to maintain flow, suggesting that reducing resistance in pipelines—through materials or design—can improve energy efficiency in renewable energy systems.

Question 1: Evaluate how the structure and function of blood vessels can inform the development of renewable energy technologies. Include examples of how elastic properties and resistance management are relevant, and discuss potential benefits and challenges.

Answer: The structure of blood vessels, with their elastic walls and resistance control, provides a model for designing flexible, adaptive pipelines in renewable energy. Elastic properties help absorb pressure fluctuations, reducing energy loss, while managing resistance optimises flow efficiency. Benefits include improved energy transfer and system resilience; challenges involve material durability and cost. Overall, bio-inspired designs could lead to more sustainable and efficient energy systems.