Question 1: Explain in your own words what Coronary Heart Disease is.

Answer: Coronary Heart Disease is a condition where the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle.

Question 2: List two main causes of Coronary Heart Disease.

Answer: Build-up of fatty deposits (atheroma) in the coronary arteries and high blood pressure.

Question 1: Describe how a build-up of fatty deposits leads to reduced blood flow in coronary arteries.

Answer: Fatty deposits (atheroma) narrow the artery lumen, restricting blood flow and potentially causing blockages.

Question 2: What are the possible consequences of a complete blockage of a coronary artery?

Answer: A heart attack (myocardial infarction), which can cause damage or death of heart tissue.

Question 1: Name two lifestyle changes that can reduce the risk of developing Coronary Heart Disease.

Answer: Eating a healthy diet and regular physical activity.

Question 2: Identify one common medical treatment for Coronary Heart Disease and briefly explain how it works.

Answer: Coronary artery bypass surgery, which creates a new route for blood to bypass blocked arteries.

Question 1: Calculate the percentage reduction in blood flow if a coronary artery narrows from 3 mm to 1.5 mm in diameter. Use the formula for cross-sectional area: Area = πr². (Take π ≈ 3.14)

Answer: Percentage reduction = [(original area - reduced area) / original area] × 100; original radius = 1.5 mm, reduced radius = 0.75 mm. Original area ≈ 3.14 × (1.5)² ≈ 7.07 mm², reduced area ≈ 3.14 × (0.75)² ≈ 1.77 mm². Reduction ≈ [(7.07 - 1.77)/7.07] × 100 ≈ 75.1%.

Question 2: A study shows that among 200 patients with coronary artery blockages, 150 experienced angina, and 50 had no symptoms. Calculate the percentage of patients experiencing angina.

Answer: Percentage with angina = (150 / 200) × 100 = 75%.

Question 1: Describe a basic experiment to investigate the effect of a high-fat diet on the development of fatty deposits in arteries using animal models. Include variables and safety precautions.

Answer: An experiment could involve two groups of animals, one fed a normal diet and the other a high-fat diet over several weeks. Variables include diet type (independent variable) and amount of fatty deposits (dependent variable). Controls should include age and activity level. Safety precautions include proper handling of animals, ethical approval, and minimising stress or discomfort.

Question 1: Discuss how advancements in stent technology have improved the treatment of coronary artery blockages.

Answer: Modern stents are made from biocompatible materials that reduce the risk of rejection and restenosis, allowing arteries to stay open longer and improving patient recovery.

Question 2: Explain how public health campaigns can help reduce the incidence of Coronary Heart Disease.

Answer: Public health campaigns promote healthy lifestyles through awareness of diet, exercise, smoking cessation, and regular health check-ups. These initiatives can lead to early detection, lifestyle modifications, and reduced risk factors, thereby decreasing the prevalence of the disease.