Question 1: Define the term 'myocardium' and explain its role in the heart.

Answer: The myocardium is the muscular tissue of the heart responsible for contracting and pumping blood throughout the body.

Question 2: Describe how nanotechnology can be utilised to enhance the understanding of heart tissue structure.

Answer: Nanotechnology allows for the development of microscopic sensors and materials that can probe heart tissue at a cellular level, aiding in detailed imaging and targeted drug delivery.

Question 1: Calculate the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute if the stroke volume is 70 mL and the heart rate is 75 beats per minute. Use the formula: Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate.

Answer: 5250 mL

Question 1: Outline a basic experimental design to test the effectiveness of nanobots in repairing damaged heart tissue. Include variables and safety precautions.

Answer: An experiment could involve introducing nanobots into a simulated heart tissue model with controlled variables such as nanobot concentration and damage extent. Variables include nanobot size, concentration, and delivery method. Safety precautions involve ensuring biocompatibility, sterile conditions, and monitoring for adverse reactions.

Question 1: A study reports that the use of nanotechnology-enabled sensors in the heart increases the detection rate of early tissue damage by 40%. If initially 50 cases were detected per month, how many cases are now detected per month?

Answer: 70 cases

Question 1: Explain how nanotechnology can be used to develop artificial heart valves, and discuss the potential advantages over traditional valves. (6 marks)

Answer: Nanotechnology enables the creation of biocompatible, durable artificial heart valves with nanostructured surfaces that reduce clot formation and improve integration with heart tissue. Advantages include increased longevity, reduced risk of rejection, and enhanced functionality through precise control at the molecular level.

Question 1: Describe how nanobots could potentially be used in the future to diagnose and treat heart disease. Include possible benefits and challenges.

Answer: Nanobots could be injected into the bloodstream to detect early signs of heart disease, deliver medication directly to affected areas, and perform minimally invasive repairs. Benefits include early diagnosis and targeted treatment; challenges involve ensuring safety, controlling nanobot movement, and preventing immune reactions.