Question 1: Define HIV and AIDS, explaining the difference between the two terms.

Answer: HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus that infects immune cells; AIDS is the condition that occurs when HIV severely damages the immune system.

Question 2: Describe how HIV affects the immune system of a person infected with the virus.

Answer: HIV attacks and destroys helper T cells, which reduces the body’s ability to fight infections and diseases.

Question 3: Explain the main methods by which HIV is transmitted from one person to another.

Answer: HIV is transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, sharing contaminated needles, from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding, and through transfusions with contaminated blood.

Question 4: Identify two ways to reduce the risk of HIV transmission.

Answer: Using condoms during sex and avoiding sharing needles are two ways to reduce HIV transmission.

Question 5: What is the significance of antiretroviral drugs in managing HIV infection?

Answer: Antiretroviral drugs help control HIV replication, slow disease progression, and improve the quality of life for infected individuals.

Question 1: If one HIV-infected helper T cell produces 10,000 new viruses during its lifespan, how many viruses are produced from 1 million infected T cells?

Answer: 10,000 x 1,000,000 = 10,000,000,000 viruses

Question 2: Calculate the number of days it would take for HIV to produce 1 billion new viruses if each infected T cell produces 1,000 viruses per day, and 1 million T cells are infected.

Answer: Total viruses per day = 1,000 viruses x 1,000,000 T cells = 1,000,000,000; Time = 1,000,000,000 / 1,000,000 = 1,000 days

Question 1: Describe a simple experiment to test the effectiveness of a condom in preventing the transmission of simulated virus particles. Include safety precautions.

Answer: The experiment involves applying a simulated virus solution to a condom sample, then checking for leakage or penetration using a dye or pressure test. Safety precautions include wearing gloves, using non-toxic dye, and disposing of materials properly after the test.

Question 2: Identify the independent and dependent variables in an experiment testing the effectiveness of different soap types in removing HIV from contaminated surfaces.

Answer: Independent variable: type of soap; Dependent variable: amount of virus removed or remaining on the surface.

Question 1: A study reports that in a sample population, 2 out of 100 people tested positive for HIV. Discuss what this data suggests about the prevalence of HIV in this population and what further information would be needed for a comprehensive assessment.

Answer: This suggests a 2% prevalence rate. To assess the overall risk, more data on transmission rates, demographic factors, and testing accuracy are needed.

Question 1: Explain how antiretroviral therapy (ART) has impacted the global management of HIV/AIDS.

Answer: ART has significantly reduced HIV-related deaths, improved life expectancy, and decreased transmission rates worldwide.

Question 2: Describe a technological advancement in HIV testing and how it improves early detection.

Answer: Rapid diagnostic tests and PCR technology allow for quick and accurate detection of HIV, enabling earlier treatment and reducing transmission.