Question 1: Diabetes mellitus is a condition where the body has difficulty regulating blood sugar levels due to problems with insulin production or response. There are two main types: Type 1 and Type 2. Explain the primary difference between these two types of diabetes.

Answer: Type 1 diabetes is caused by the body's immune system attacking insulin-producing cells, leading to little or no insulin. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by the body's cells becoming resistant to insulin or insufficient insulin production.

Question 2: What hormone is responsible for lowering blood sugar levels after a meal?

Answer: Insulin

Question 1: Describe how insulin helps regulate blood glucose levels in a healthy person.

Answer: In a healthy person, insulin is released by the pancreas in response to high blood sugar levels after eating. It signals body cells to absorb glucose from the blood, reducing blood sugar levels and providing cells with energy.

Question 2: Identify two main causes of Type 1 diabetes.

Answer: Autoimmune attack on insulin-producing cells in the pancreas and genetic factors.

Question 3: List two lifestyle factors that can contribute to the development of Type 2 diabetes.

Answer: Poor diet high in sugar and fats, lack of physical activity.

Question 1: If a person’s blood glucose level is 180 mg/dL after fasting, and the normal fasting level should be below 100 mg/dL, how much higher is their level compared to the normal? Show your calculation.

Answer: 80 mg/dL (180 mg/dL - 100 mg/dL)

Question 2: A diabetic patient injects 10 units of insulin and their blood sugar drops from 250 mg/dL to 120 mg/dL. Calculate the decrease in blood sugar per unit of insulin administered.

Answer: 13 mg/dL per unit ( (250 - 120) mg/dL ÷ 10 units )

Question 1: Describe a safe way to measure blood glucose levels in a laboratory setting.

Answer: Use sterile lancets and test strips, wear gloves to prevent contamination, and dispose of sharps properly after use.

Question 2: Identify one variable that should be kept constant in an experiment testing the effect of diet on blood sugar levels.

Answer: The amount of physical activity during the experiment.

Question 1: A group of patients with Type 2 diabetes has fasting blood glucose levels ranging from 130 mg/dL to 200 mg/dL. Discuss what this indicates about their condition and possible treatment approaches.

Answer: The elevated fasting blood glucose levels indicate poor regulation of blood sugar, suggesting insulin resistance or inadequate insulin response. Treatment may include lifestyle changes like diet and exercise, oral medications, or insulin therapy.

Question 1: Explain how continuous glucose monitoring devices help people with diabetes manage their condition.

Answer: They provide real-time blood sugar readings, allowing users to adjust their diet, insulin intake, or activity levels promptly to prevent highs and lows.

Question 2: Describe one technological advancement that has improved the treatment of diabetes in recent years.

Answer: Development of insulin pumps that deliver insulin automatically and continuously, improving blood sugar control and patient convenience.