Question 1: Explain the purpose of drug discovery in relation to immunity and infection.

Answer: The purpose of drug discovery is to develop new medicines that can treat infections by boosting immunity or directly killing pathogens.

Question 1: Define an antibiotic and describe its mechanism of action.

Answer: An antibiotic is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria. It works by targeting bacterial cell walls or processes not present in human cells.

Question 2: What is a vaccine, and how does it help the immune system?

Answer: A vaccine contains weakened or inactive pathogens that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies, providing immunity against future infections.

Question 1: A new drug was tested on 150 patients. 120 showed improvement, while 30 showed no change or adverse effects. Calculate the percentage of patients who responded positively to the drug.

Answer: Percentage = (Number of positive responses / Total patients) x 100 = (120 / 150) x 100 = 80%

Question 2: Interpret the data: Is the drug considered effective based on this response rate? Justify your answer.

Answer: Yes, with an 80% positive response rate, the drug appears effective, as a majority of patients benefited from it.

Question 1: Identify three variables that should be controlled when testing a new drug's effectiveness in a laboratory experiment.

Answer: Variables to control include dosage of the drug, age and health status of participants, and environmental conditions such as temperature.

Question 2: Describe two safety precautions that should be taken during drug testing experiments.

Answer: Precautions include wearing protective equipment such as gloves and goggles, and ensuring proper disposal of chemical waste.

Question 1: Explain how advances in drug discovery can help combat antibiotic resistance.

Answer: Advances can lead to the development of new antibiotics that target resistant bacteria, and help in designing drugs that reduce the chance of bacteria developing resistance.

Question 2: Describe one challenge faced during the drug discovery process for new antibiotics.

Answer: One challenge is ensuring the new antibiotic is effective against resistant strains without harming human cells or causing adverse side effects.

Question 1: Discuss the ethical considerations involved in testing new drugs on human subjects, including benefits and risks.

Answer: Ethical considerations include obtaining informed consent, ensuring safety and minimizing harm, and balancing the potential benefits of new medicines against the risks of side effects or adverse reactions. Ethical approval must be secured before testing can proceed.