Question 1: Define the term 'drug discovery'.

Answer: The process of identifying and developing new medicines to treat diseases or improve health.

Question 2: Explain how researchers identify potential new drugs from natural sources.

Answer: Researchers screen substances from natural sources such as plants, fungi, or bacteria for compounds that can affect disease processes.

Question 3: What is the purpose of clinical trials in drug development?

Answer: To test the safety, efficacy, and dosage of a new drug on humans before it can be approved for general use.

Question 1: A new drug is prescribed at a dose of 50 mg per kg of body weight. Calculate the dose for a patient weighing 70 kg.

Answer: 3500 mg

Question 2: If a drug's concentration in the blood is 10 micrograms per millilitre (μg/mL) and a patient has 3 litres of blood, what is the total amount of the drug in the bloodstream?

Answer: 30,000 μg

Question 1: Describe a basic outline for an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new vaccine in preventing infection.

Answer: Design should include selecting suitable test subjects, dividing them into control and experimental groups, administering the vaccine to the experimental group, exposing both groups to the pathogen under controlled conditions, and observing infection rates to evaluate effectiveness.

Question 2: Identify two variables that should be controlled in a drug efficacy experiment and explain why.

Answer: Variables such as age and health status of participants should be controlled to ensure that differences in outcomes are due to the drug and not other factors.

Question 1: A clinical trial tested a new drug on 200 patients, with 150 showing significant improvement and 50 showing no change. What percentage of patients benefited from the drug?

Answer: 75%

Question 2: If the goal is to have at least 80% of patients benefiting from the drug, does this trial meet that target? Explain your reasoning.

Answer: No, because only 75% of patients benefited, which is below the 80% target. This suggests the drug may need further improvement or testing.

Question 1: Describe the process of how a new drug is developed from initial discovery to being available on the market, highlighting key stages.

Answer: The process includes initial discovery and screening of compounds, preclinical testing in laboratories and animals, clinical trials in humans to assess safety and effectiveness, regulatory approval, and finally manufacturing and distribution.

Question 1: Explain how consumer products such as vaccines or medicines benefit from the drug discovery process.

Answer: They are developed through rigorous testing to ensure safety and effectiveness, providing protection against diseases and improving health outcomes for consumers.

Question 2: Discuss one ethical consideration in the drug discovery and testing process for consumer products.

Answer: Ensuring informed consent from participants and balancing the risks and benefits to protect their health and rights during testing.