Question 1: Define vaccination and explain how it helps protect individuals and communities from infectious diseases.

Answer: Vaccination is the process of introducing a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen into the body to stimulate the immune system to produce immunity. It helps protect individuals by preventing disease and protects communities by reducing the spread of infection.

Question 2: Describe the role of memory cells in vaccination-induced immunity.

Answer: Memory cells are a type of white blood cell that remain in the body after vaccination, allowing the immune system to respond more quickly and effectively if the real pathogen is encountered later.

Question 1: If a population of 10,000 people has 8,500 vaccinated individuals, what is the percentage vaccination coverage? (Formula: (Number vaccinated / Total population) x 100)

Answer: 85%

Question 2: A vaccine has an efficacy rate of 90%. If 1,000 people are vaccinated, how many are expected to be protected from the disease? (Formula: Efficacy rate x Number vaccinated)

Answer: 900 people

Question 1: List three variables that should be controlled when testing the effectiveness of a new vaccine in a laboratory experiment.

Answer: Variables to control include the age and health status of participants, dosage of the vaccine, and environmental conditions during the experiment.

Question 2: Describe two safety precautions that should be taken when conducting vaccine trials.

Answer: Precautions include using sterile equipment to prevent contamination and monitoring participants for adverse reactions during and after vaccination.

Question 1: In a trial of a new vaccine, 150 people were vaccinated, and 135 developed immunity, while 15 did not. Calculate the efficacy rate of this vaccine. (Formula: (Number immune / Total vaccinated) x 100)

Answer: 90%

Question 2: Based on the data, evaluate whether the vaccine is effective enough for widespread use if the minimum acceptable efficacy rate is 85%.

Answer: Yes, since the efficacy rate is 90%, which exceeds the minimum requirement of 85%, indicating it is effective enough for widespread use.

Question 1: Explain the concept of herd immunity and how vaccination contributes to it. Include in your answer the importance of vaccination coverage in a community.

Answer: Herd immunity occurs when a large portion of a community becomes immune to a disease, making its spread unlikely. Vaccination contributes to herd immunity by reducing the number of susceptible individuals, thereby protecting those who cannot be vaccinated due to health reasons. High vaccination coverage ensures enough individuals are immune to prevent outbreaks and protect vulnerable populations.

Question 1: Discuss how recent advances in vaccine technology, such as mRNA vaccines, have impacted the response to infectious diseases like COVID-19.

Answer: Advances like mRNA vaccines have allowed for faster development and production of vaccines, enabling rapid response to emerging diseases like COVID-19. They also offer high efficacy and can be quickly modified to target new variants, improving global health responses.