Question 1: Define a genetic diagram and explain its purpose in genetics.

Answer: A genetic diagram visually represents the inheritance of genes and traits, illustrating how alleles are passed from parents to offspring.

Question 2: Describe the difference between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes.

Answer: Homozygous means having two identical alleles for a gene, whereas heterozygous means having two different alleles.

Question 1: In a Punnett square, if a heterozygous tall plant (Tt) is crossed with a homozygous short plant (tt), what are the possible genotypes of the offspring?

Answer: The possible genotypes are Tt and tt.

Question 2: Explain how a genetic diagram can be used to predict the probability of an offspring inheriting a specific trait.

Answer: Genetic diagrams show possible combinations of parental alleles, allowing calculation of the probability that offspring will inherit particular genotypes or phenotypes.

Question 1: A heterozygous brown-eyed (Bb) individual mates with a blue-eyed (bb) individual. Using a Punnett square, what is the probability that their child will have blue eyes?

Answer: 50% or 1 in 2

Question 2: If the frequency of a dominant allele (A) in a population is 0.6, what is the expected frequency of heterozygous individuals (Aa) according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Answer: 0.48

Question 1: Design a simple experiment to determine the inheritance pattern of a particular trait in fruit flies. Include variables to control and safety precautions.

Answer: Students should describe selecting parent flies with known traits, crossing them, observing offspring, controlling environmental variables like temperature, and following safety guidelines such as handling flies and disposals properly.

Question 2: Discuss how genetic diagrams can be used in agriculture to improve crop yields.

Answer: Genetic diagrams help identify desirable traits, plan breeding programs, and predict offspring traits, aiding in selecting crop varieties with higher yields, disease resistance, and better adaptability.

Question 1: In a study of 200 pea plants, 75 exhibited purple flowers and 125 exhibited white flowers. The purple flower trait is dominant. What does this data suggest about the genotype distribution, assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Answer: The data suggests that a large proportion of the population may be heterozygous and homozygous dominant, with allele frequencies indicating a dominant allele frequency around 0.6, consistent with Hardy-Weinberg expectations.

Question 2: Describe how you would use genetic diagrams to track inheritance of a recessive trait over multiple generations.

Answer: Genetic diagrams such as Punnett squares or family trees help predict how recessive alleles are inherited, identify carriers, and determine the likelihood of the trait appearing in future generations.

Question 1: Explain how genetic diagrams are used in breeding programs for livestock to enhance desirable traits.

Answer: Genetic diagrams help breeders visualize inheritance patterns, select parent animals with desirable genotypes, and predict the traits of offspring to improve livestock traits.

Question 2: Discuss the ethical considerations involved in using genetic diagrams and related technologies in human genetics.

Answer: Ethical considerations include privacy concerns, potential for discrimination, consent, and the implications of selecting for or against certain traits, emphasizing the need for responsible use of genetic information.