Question 1: Define 'monoclonal antibody'.

Answer: A monoclonal antibody is a laboratory-produced molecule that can bind to specific antigens, used in targeted treatments.

Question 2: Explain one scientific advantage of using monoclonal antibodies in medicine.

Answer: They allow targeted treatment, reducing side effects and increasing effectiveness against specific pathogens or cancer cells.

Question 1: A patient requires a monoclonal antibody dose of 10 mg per kilogram of body weight. Calculate the total dose for a patient weighing 70 kg.

Answer: 700 mg (using the formula: Dose = body weight in kg × dose per kg)

Question 2: If a vial contains 250 mg of monoclonal antibody, how many vials are needed for a patient requiring 750 mg?

Answer: 3 vials (using the formula: Number of vials = total dose / vial strength)

Question 1: Describe a basic experimental setup to test the effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies in fighting a bacterial infection, including key variables.

Answer: Use two groups of infected cultures; one treated with monoclonal antibodies and one untreated as control. Variables include antibody concentration (independent), bacterial growth (dependent), and temperature (controlled).

Question 2: List two safety precautions scientists should follow when handling monoclonal antibodies in the lab.

Answer: Wear protective gloves and laboratory coats; dispose of used materials in biohazard containers.

Question 1: A study reports that monoclonal antibodies were produced using human cells from donors who did not give informed consent. Discuss the ethical issues involved and suggest possible solutions.

Answer: Using human cells without informed consent violates ethical standards and donor rights. It raises concerns about autonomy and exploitation. Possible solutions include obtaining proper consent, ensuring donor anonymity, and following strict ethical guidelines.

Question 1: Evaluate the ethical considerations of using genetically modified mice in the production of monoclonal antibodies. Include potential benefits and concerns. (6 marks)

Answer: Benefits include efficient production and consistency of monoclonal antibodies. Concerns involve animal welfare, ethical treatment, and the morality of genetic modification. Balancing scientific progress with animal rights is essential, and strict regulations should be followed.

Question 1: Discuss how ethical debates surrounding monoclonal antibody therapy influence public acceptance and funding for biotech research.

Answer: Ethical debates can lead to public concern or opposition, affecting acceptance and funding. Transparency, ethical guidelines, and public engagement are crucial to build trust and support for biotech advancements.