Question 1: The human brain consists of several key regions, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. Each region has specific functions vital for maintaining homeostasis and controlling responses to stimuli.

Answer: The cerebrum is responsible for thought, memory, and voluntary movements; the cerebellum coordinates balance and movement; the brainstem controls involuntary functions such as heartbeat and breathing.

Question 2: Define the term 'brainstem' and mention two of its essential functions.

Answer: The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the brain; it controls involuntary functions such as heartbeat and respiration.

Question 1: Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance?

Answer:

Question 2: Explain how the cerebrum contributes to overall nervous system responses.

Answer: The cerebrum processes sensory information, controls voluntary movements, and is involved in thinking, learning, and memory, enabling appropriate responses to stimuli.

Question 1: A nerve impulse travels along a neuron at a speed of 120 metres per second. Calculate the time it takes for an impulse to travel 3.6 kilometres.

Answer: Time = Distance / Speed = 3600 m / 120 m/s = 30 seconds

Question 1: Describe a simple experiment to investigate the effect of alcohol on coordination, including the variables involved and safety precautions.

Answer: An experiment could involve observing how alcohol consumption affects balance by having participants walk along a straight line before and after drinking a measured amount of alcohol. The independent variable is alcohol intake, the dependent variable is balance or coordination, and safety precautions include monitoring blood alcohol levels, ensuring medical assistance is available, and obtaining informed consent.

Question 1: A group of patients with brain injuries shows reduced coordination and impaired speech. Which brain regions are most likely affected, and why?

Answer: The cerebellum and Broca's area are likely affected; damage to the cerebellum impairs coordination, while damage to Broca's area affects speech production.

Question 1: Explain how the hypothalamus maintains homeostasis in response to temperature changes. Include the mechanisms involved.

Answer: The hypothalamus monitors body temperature through thermoreceptors. When it detects a rise, it triggers responses such as sweating and vasodilation to cool the body. When it detects a drop, it causes shivering and vasoconstriction to conserve heat, thus maintaining a stable internal temperature.

Question 1: Discuss how understanding brain regions has contributed to advances in treating neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease.

Answer: Knowledge of brain regions like the substantia nigra has led to targeted treatments such as deep brain stimulation, which alleviates symptoms of Parkinson’s by modulating abnormal brain activity.