Question 1: Define Adrenaline and describe its primary function in the human body.

Answer: Adrenaline is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses by increasing heart rate, blood flow, and energy availability.

Question 2: Explain how Thyroxine affects metabolic rate and growth.

Answer: Thyroxine increases the metabolic rate of cells, which promotes growth and development, and helps regulate energy use in the body.

Question 1: If a person's thyroid gland secretes 80 micrograms of Thyroxine daily, what is the secretion rate in nanograms per second? (Given: 1 microgram = 1000 nanograms, 1 day = 86,400 seconds).

Answer: Secretion rate = (80 micrograms * 1000 nanograms/microgram) / 86,400 seconds = 0.9259 nanograms/second

Question 2: A person experiences a spike in adrenaline level of 150 nanograms per milliliter of blood during stress. If the total blood volume is 5 liters, estimate the total amount of adrenaline released. (1 liter = 1000 milliliters).

Answer: Total adrenaline = 150 ng/mL * 5000 mL = 750,000 nanograms or 750 micrograms

Question 1: Describe a simple experiment to measure the effect of Thyroxine on metabolic rate in a lab setting.

Answer: An experiment could involve measuring oxygen consumption or heat production in subjects before and after administering Thyroxine, ensuring proper control groups and safety measures are in place.

Question 2: Identify two variables that should be controlled in an experiment measuring adrenaline's effect on heart rate.

Answer: Variables to control include the physical activity level of subjects and ambient temperature.

Question 3: What safety precautions should be taken when handling hormones like Thyroxine in a laboratory?

Answer: Wear protective gloves and eyewear, handle chemicals in a fume hood, and properly dispose of waste to prevent contamination.

Question 1: A patient with hypothyroidism has a Thyroxine secretion rate of 20 micrograms per day. How might this affect their metabolic rate and growth? Explain your reasoning.

Answer: A lower secretion of Thyroxine can lead to a decreased metabolic rate, resulting in fatigue, weight gain, and slower growth, as the body's energy production and cell development are reduced.

Question 2: Considering the roles of Adrenaline and Thyroxine, discuss how these hormones work together during a stressful situation to prepare the body for action.

Answer: During stress, Adrenaline is rapidly released to increase heart rate, blood flow, and energy supply, enabling quick responses. Simultaneously, Thyroxine helps sustain increased metabolic activity for longer-term energy production and growth adjustments. Together, they prepare the body both immediately and over time for a 'fight or flight' response.

Question 1: How is synthetic Thyroxine used in medicine, and what conditions does it treat?

Answer: Synthetic Thyroxine is used to treat hypothyroidism, helping to restore normal hormone levels and regulate metabolism.

Question 2: Explain how understanding hormone calculations can assist in developing hormone therapies or treatments.

Answer: Accurate calculations of hormone secretion rates and effects enable scientists and doctors to design effective doses, minimize side effects, and tailor treatments to individual patient needs, improving therapy outcomes.