Question 1: Define hormonal contraception and describe how synthetic hormones are produced industrially for use in contraceptive pills.

Answer: Hormonal contraception involves using synthetic hormones such as oestrogen and progestin to prevent ovulation. These hormones are produced industrially through chemical synthesis, typically via multi-step organic reactions starting from petrochemical derivatives.

Question 2: Explain the mechanism by which barrier methods of contraception prevent fertilisation.

Answer: Barrier methods physically prevent sperm from reaching the egg by blocking the reproductive tract, for example, using condoms or diaphragms.

Question 3: Describe the role of aluminium compounds in the chemical manufacturing of contraceptive devices.

Answer: Aluminium compounds are used as catalysts or structural materials in the production of certain contraceptive devices, such as intrauterine devices (IUDs), due to their corrosion resistance and biocompatibility.

Question 4: Calculate the mass of sulphur required to produce 500 grams of a sulphur-based contraceptive chemical if the chemical contains 20% sulphur by mass. Show your working.

Answer: Mass of sulphur = 20% of 500g = 0.20 × 500g = 100g

Question 5: Design a simple experiment to test the effectiveness of a new hormonal contraceptive pill, identifying the variables involved and safety precautions.

Answer: The experiment involves administering the pill to a sample of volunteers and monitoring hormone levels and ovulation markers over time, comparing with a control group. Variables: dosage, hormone levels, ovulation timing. Precautions include informed consent, monitoring side effects, and ensuring ethical compliance.

Question 6: Interpret the following scenario: A new industrial process produces a contraceptive gel containing a chemical derived from petrochemicals. The process releases unreacted sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. What environmental concerns does this raise, and how might industry mitigate these concerns?

Answer: The release of sulphur dioxide can lead to acid rain and air pollution, harming ecosystems and human health. Industry can mitigate these concerns by installing scrubbers to remove SO₂ emissions, using cleaner reaction pathways, or developing alternative, environmentally friendly chemicals.

Question 7: Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a common method of chemical contraception?

Answer: Barrier creams

Question 8: Fill in the blank: The primary advantage of synthetic hormonal contraceptives over barrier methods is their ability to _______ ovulation, thus reducing the chance of fertilisation.

Answer: prevent

Question 9: Explain how industrial chemistry has contributed to the development of reversible contraceptive methods.

Answer: Industrial chemistry has enabled large-scale synthesis of synthetic hormones, making contraceptive pills affordable and accessible. It also allows for the production of materials for devices like IUDs, improving their safety and effectiveness.