Question 1: Define metabolism in the context of cellular processes.

Answer: Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms that convert energy from nutrients to power cellular activities.

Question 2: Explain the role of ATP in cellular respiration.

Answer: ATP acts as the energy currency of the cell, providing energy for various metabolic processes during cellular respiration.

Question 3: Describe the main stages of aerobic respiration.

Answer: The main stages are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, which collectively convert glucose into ATP with the use of oxygen.

Question 1: Calculate the amount of ATP produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6). Given that the total ATP yield is approximately 36 molecules per glucose molecule.

Answer: 36 ATP

Question 2: If a muscle cell consumes 2.5 mmol of glucose during intense activity, how many moles of ATP are produced? Use the yield of 36 ATP per glucose molecule.

Answer: 0.09 mol of ATP

Question 1: Design a simple experiment to measure the effect of temperature on the rate of respiration in yeast cells. List the variables involved and safety precautions to consider.

Answer: Variables include independent variable (temperature), dependent variable (respiration rate), and controlled variables (pH, yeast concentration). Safety precautions involve handling hot equipment carefully, avoiding ingestion of yeast cultures, and proper disposal of biological waste.

Question 1: A study reports that engineered bacteria with enhanced metabolic pathways produce 25% more ATP per unit of substrate compared to normal bacteria. What implications does this have for industrial bioenergy production?

Answer: Enhanced metabolic pathways can increase ATP yield, making bacteria more efficient for bioenergy production, potentially reducing costs and increasing output in industrial processes.

Question 1: Explain how understanding cellular respiration can aid in developing biofuel technologies. Include at least two specific ways biology influences engineering solutions.

Answer: Understanding cellular respiration helps engineers optimize microbial processes for biofuel production by manipulating metabolic pathways to increase energy yield. Additionally, knowledge of respiration helps in designing bioreactors that maximize efficiency and sustainability by controlling oxygen levels and nutrient supply.

Question 2: Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes the purpose of the electron transport chain in respiration? A) Break down glucose into pyruvate B) Generate ATP directly from glucose C) Transfer electrons to produce a proton gradient for ATP synthesis D) Store energy in chemical bonds

Answer: C) Transfer electrons to produce a proton gradient for ATP synthesis