Question 1: Define the primary function of the lungs in the human respiratory system.

Answer: The primary function of the lungs is to facilitate gas exchange, allowing oxygen to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to be removed.

Question 2: Name the specific structures within the lungs where gaseous exchange occurs.

Answer: Alveoli

Question 3: Explain how the structure of alveoli enhances their function in gas exchange.

Answer: Alveoli have a large surface area, thin walls, and are surrounded by capillaries, which together optimise the diffusion of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood.

Question 4: In a medical context, why is understanding lung structure important for treating respiratory diseases?

Answer: Understanding lung structure helps in diagnosing conditions like emphysema or fibrosis, designing appropriate treatments such as ventilators or surgeries, and developing medical interventions that target specific lung tissues or functions.

Question 1: Describe the process of diffusion in the context of alveoli and capillaries.

Answer: Diffusion is the movement of gases from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across the thin alveolar walls into the capillaries.

Question 2: Why is the large surface area of alveoli crucial for efficient gas exchange?

Answer: A large surface area allows more gas to be exchanged simultaneously, increasing the efficiency of oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal.

Question 1: Calculate the total volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation (Residual Volume) if the Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is 6 litres and the Vital Capacity (VC) is 4.8 litres.

Answer: Residual Volume = Total Lung Capacity - Vital Capacity = 6 L - 4.8 L = 1.2 L

Question 2: If a patient inhales 3 litres of air and exhales 2.5 litres during a normal breath, what is their tidal volume?

Answer: Tidal Volume = Volume inhaled or exhaled per breath = 2.5 L

Question 1: Outline the steps involved in measuring a person's lung capacity using spirometry.

Answer: First, ensure the spirometer is calibrated correctly. Have the person sit upright and breathe normally. Instruct them to take a deep breath and then exhale as forcefully and completely as possible into the device. Record the volume. Repeat several times for accuracy and calculate the average.

Question 2: List three safety precautions to consider when performing lung function tests in a clinical setting.

Answer: Ensure sterilisation of equipment, avoid forcing breaths to prevent dizziness or injury, and monitor the patient for signs of discomfort or distress.

Question 1: A patient shows a reduced vital capacity in spirometry tests. Suggest two possible lung conditions that could cause this and briefly explain.

Answer: Possible conditions include pulmonary fibrosis, which causes stiffening of lung tissue, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which damages lung tissues and airways, reducing lung elasticity and capacity.

Question 2: Explain how technological advances in medical science can improve diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases related to lung structure.

Answer: Advances such as high-resolution imaging, 3D lung modelling, and molecular diagnostics allow for earlier detection of structural abnormalities. Improved ventilator technology and targeted therapies enable personalised treatment, enhancing patient outcomes and managing diseases more effectively.