Question 1: Cloning is a method used to create an exact genetic copy of an organism or cell. It involves copying the DNA of an organism to produce a genetically identical individual. This technique is useful in medicine, agriculture, and research.

Answer: Cloning is a technique to produce a genetically identical copy of an organism or cell by copying its DNA.

Question 1: Define the term 'embryo cloning'.

Answer: Embryo cloning is the process of creating a genetically identical embryo from a donor embryo, often used in reproductive cloning.

Question 2: Describe the main step involved in producing a clone using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).

Answer: In SCNT, the nucleus of a somatic cell is inserted into an egg cell whose nucleus has been removed, then stimulated to develop into an embryo.

Question 3: What is the primary purpose of cloning animals like Dolly the sheep?

Answer: The primary purpose is to produce genetically identical animals for research, medicine, or agriculture.

Question 1: If a cloning experiment requires 2 micrograms of DNA per clone, how much DNA is needed to produce 10 clones? Show your calculation and give the answer in micrograms.

Answer: Total DNA needed = Number of clones × DNA per clone = 10 × 2 micrograms = 20 micrograms.

Question 1: List two safety precautions scientists should take when performing cloning experiments in a laboratory.

Answer: Wearing protective clothing and working in a sterile environment to prevent contamination.

Question 2: Identify one variable that must be controlled during a cloning experiment.

Answer: Temperature of the environment or incubator.

Question 1: In a cloning study, scientists observed that out of 50 cloned embryos, 40 developed successfully into healthy animals. What is the success rate of the cloning process in percentage?

Answer: Success rate = (Number of successful embryos / Total embryos) × 100 = (40 / 50) × 100 = 80%.

Question 1: Explain the ethical considerations and potential risks associated with cloning animals. Your answer should include at least two points. (6 marks)

Answer: Cloning raises ethical concerns such as the welfare of cloned animals, potential loss of genetic diversity, and the moral implications of creating life artificially. Risks include high failure rates, health problems in clones, and unforeseen genetic defects.

Question 1: Describe one way cloning technology is used in agriculture today.

Answer: Cloning is used to produce genetically identical livestock with desirable traits, such as high milk production or disease resistance.

Question 2: Discuss a potential future application of cloning technology in medicine.

Answer: Future applications include growing organs for transplantation, saving endangered species, and developing personalized medicine.