Question 1: Cloning is a process that creates an organism or cell that is genetically identical to the original. It involves copying the DNA of an organism to produce a clone. This technology has applications in medicine, agriculture, and conservation.

Answer: Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical organisms or cells by copying DNA.

Question 2: Define 'therapeutic cloning'.

Answer: Therapeutic cloning is the process of creating embryonic stem cells that are genetically identical to a donor for medical treatment.

Question 3: What is the main technique used in cloning animals such as Dolly the sheep?

Answer: Somatic cell nuclear transfer

Question 4: Explain briefly how somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) works.

Answer: SCNT involves removing the nucleus from an egg cell and replacing it with the nucleus from a somatic (body) cell of the donor. The egg is then stimulated to develop into an embryo, which is implanted into a surrogate mother.

Question 5: Identify one ethical concern associated with cloning.

Answer: Ethical concerns include the potential for reduced genetic diversity and the welfare of cloned animals.

Question 6: Fill in the blank: Cloning produces organisms that are __________ to the original.

Answer: genetically identical

Question 7: Multiple choice: Which process is NOT involved in cloning?

Answer: Gene editing using CRISPR

Question 1: Describe how cloning can be used in conservation efforts.

Answer: Cloning can help conserve endangered species by creating genetically identical individuals, increasing population numbers and genetic diversity.

Question 2: What are some potential risks or limitations of cloning technology?

Answer: Potential risks include genetic abnormalities, reduced genetic diversity, and ethical issues related to animal welfare and cloning humans.

Question 3: Calculate the total energy (in joules) required to perform a cloning procedure if the energy used per attempt is 150 kJ. Show your working.

Answer: 150000 J

Question 4: Identify one current industry or medical application of cloning.

Answer: Cloning of stem cells for regenerative medicine or production of genetically identical livestock.

Question 1: Outline the key safety precautions that must be considered during a cloning experiment.

Answer: Safety precautions include maintaining sterile conditions to prevent contamination, proper handling of biological materials, ethical approval, and trained personnel following safety protocols.

Question 2: Discuss one ethical issue related to human cloning.

Answer: One ethical issue is the potential for identity and individuality concerns, as well as the risk of exploitation or harm to clones.