Question 1: Define natural selection and explain its role in evolution.

Answer: Natural selection is the process where organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the evolution of populations over time.

Question 2: List three conditions necessary for natural selection to occur.

Answer: Variation in traits, differential survival and reproduction, and heritability of traits.

Question 3: Describe how environmental changes can influence the process of natural selection.

Answer: Environmental changes alter which traits are advantageous, thus changing which individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, driving evolution.

Question 1: If a population of 200 beetles has 50 green and 150 brown beetles, and after one generation, the number of green beetles increases to 80, what is the change in allele frequency assuming green color is dominant? Use the Hardy-Weinberg principle for calculation.

Answer: Using Hardy-Weinberg, initial frequency of green allele (p) = 0.25, final frequency of green allele = 0.35.

Question 2: A bird population shows a 20% survival rate for individuals with a specific beak shape during drought conditions. If 1000 birds have this beak shape, how many are expected to survive?

Answer: 200 birds (20% of 1000).

Question 1: Design a basic experiment to test the effect of a predator on the survival of different color morphs of a prey species. List the variables involved and safety precautions.

Answer: The experiment involves exposing different color morphs of prey to predators in controlled environments. Variables include prey color (independent), survival rate (dependent), and predator presence (controlled). Safety precautions include handling predators carefully and ensuring proper containment to prevent escape.

Question 1: In a population of 500 insects, 60% have a gene for resistance to a pesticide. After exposure to the pesticide, only 10% of the population survives. Explain what this indicates about natural selection and resistance traits.

Answer: The high mortality suggests that resistance was initially rare or not advantageous, but the survivors likely carried resistance genes, demonstrating natural selection favoring resistant traits.

Question 1: Explain how natural selection can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Include the steps involved in your explanation.

Answer: Bacteria with genetic mutations that confer resistance survive antibiotic exposure. These resistant bacteria reproduce, passing on the resistance genes. Over time, the population becomes predominantly resistant, exemplifying natural selection.

Question 1: Discuss the importance of natural selection knowledge in developing sustainable pest control methods.

Answer: Understanding natural selection helps develop strategies that minimize resistance development, such as rotating pesticides or using integrated pest management, ensuring sustainable pest control.