Question 1: Define isotopes and explain how they differ from each other.

Answer: Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Question 2: Describe the significance of isotopes in medical imaging and radiotherapy.

Answer: Isotopes like radioactive iodine are used in medical imaging and treatments because they emit radiation that can target specific tissues.

Question 3: Calculate the average atomic mass of an element that has 75% of its isotopes with a mass of 10 amu and 25% with a mass of 11 amu.

Answer: Average atomic mass = (0.75 × 10) + (0.25 × 11) = 7.5 + 2.75 = 10.25 amu

Question 4: In an experiment, a sample contains 60% of isotope A with a mass number of 20 and 40% of isotope B with a mass number of 22. Calculate the average atomic mass of the sample.

Answer: Average atomic mass = (0.60 × 20) + (0.40 × 22) = 12 + 8.8 = 20.8 amu

Question 5: Identify the key safety precautions that should be taken when handling radioactive isotopes in a laboratory setting.

Answer: Use shielding, wear protective gear, handle with tongs, and follow proper disposal procedures.

Question 6: Explain how isotopic analysis can be used to determine the origin of a mineral sample.

Answer: Isotopic analysis involves measuring the ratios of different isotopes within the mineral. These ratios are unique to specific sources or geological processes, allowing scientists to trace the mineral's origin by comparing its isotopic signatures with known samples.

Question 7: Multiple Choice: Which statement correctly describes isotopes?

Answer: They have different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons.

Question 8: Fill in the blank: The atomic number of an element indicates the number of ______ in an atom.

Answer: protons

Question 9: Describe a practical scenario where understanding isotopes is crucial in industry or environmental science.

Answer: In environmental science, isotopic analysis is used to trace pollution sources, such as identifying whether groundwater contamination originates from industrial waste or natural sources, based on the unique isotopic signatures.