Question 1: Define a proton and explain its role within an atom.

Answer: A proton is a positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom; it determines the atomic number and identity of the element.

Question 2: What is the primary function of neutrons in an atom?

Answer: Neutrons are neutrally charged particles that help stabilize the nucleus and contribute to the atom's mass.

Question 3: Describe the role of electrons in an atom.

Answer: Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus; they determine the atom's chemical behavior and bonding.

Question 1: A titanium alloy used in sports equipment has an isotope with a mass number of 50 and contains 22 protons. Calculate the number of neutrons in this isotope.

Answer: Neutrons = Mass number - Atomic number = 50 - 22 = 28 neutrons.

Question 2: An isotope of sulfur used in sports gear has an atomic number of 16 and a mass number of 34. Determine the number of neutrons present.

Answer: Neutrons = 34 - 16 = 18 neutrons.

Question 1: Describe a simple experiment to determine the number of protons in a sample of aluminum used in sports equipment. What safety precautions should be taken?

Answer: One could perform X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to analyze the sample and identify the number of protons (atomic number). Safety precautions include wearing lead aprons, minimizing exposure to X-rays, and following lab safety protocols.

Question 2: Identify the independent and dependent variables in an experiment testing the effect of neutron count on the durability of a sports alloy.

Answer: Independent variable: Number of neutrons (isotope type). Dependent variable: Durability of the alloy.

Question 1: A sample of a cobalt isotope with 27 protons and 32 neutrons was analyzed. Discuss whether this isotope is stable or radioactive and explain your reasoning.

Answer: This isotope has a neutron-to-proton ratio of 32/27 ≈ 1.19, which is higher than the stable ratio (~1.0-1.5). Cobalt-59 is stable, but isotopes with higher neutron counts are typically radioactive; thus, this specific isotope is likely unstable and radioactive.

Question 1: Explain how the atomic structure of aluminum (atomic number 13) influences its use in lightweight sports equipment. Include discussion of protons, neutrons, and electrons in your answer.

Answer: Aluminum's atomic structure, with 13 protons and electrons, makes it lightweight and resistant to corrosion. The number of neutrons can vary in isotopes, affecting weight slightly but not chemical properties. Its atomic structure contributes to its strength-to-weight ratio, making it ideal for sports gear like bicycle frames and helmets.

Question 2: A new sports technology involves using isotopically enriched magnesium (atomic number 12) to improve performance. Discuss the potential advantages of using isotopes with different neutron counts in sports equipment.

Answer: Using isotopes with different neutron counts can alter the mass and density of magnesium materials, potentially enhancing strength, durability, or weight optimization. Enriched isotopes might also affect thermal or magnetic properties, leading to improved performance in sports equipment such as lightweight frames or protective gear.