Question 1: Define the term 'limiting reactant' in a chemical reaction.

Answer: The reactant that is completely consumed first in a chemical reaction, limiting the amount of product formed.

Question 2: Explain why the limiting reactant determines the maximum amount of product produced.

Answer: Because it is completely used up during the reaction, so no more product can form once it is exhausted.

Question 1: In a reaction between 10 g of sodium with excess chlorine, what is the limiting reactant if the reaction involves sodium reacting with chlorine to produce sodium chloride?

Answer: Sodium (Na), because the amount of chlorine is in excess.

Question 2: Describe how you can experimentally identify the limiting reactant in a reaction mixture.

Answer: By measuring the amount of product formed and determining which reactant is fully consumed first.

Question 1: Calculate the limiting reactant and the theoretical yield of aluminium oxide when 27 g of aluminium reacts with 40 g of oxygen. (Molar mass of Al = 27 g/mol, O2 = 32 g/mol, Al2O3 = 102 g/mol).

Answer: Limiting reactant: Aluminium; Theoretical yield of Al2O3: 54 g.

Question 2: A reaction involves 50 g of hydrogen reacting with 100 g of nitrogen to produce ammonia. Determine the limiting reactant and the maximum mass of ammonia that can be produced. (Molar masses: H2 = 2 g/mol, N2 = 28 g/mol, NH3 = 17 g/mol).

Answer: Limiting reactant: Hydrogen; Maximum mass of NH3: 85 g.

Question 1: Describe a safe laboratory procedure to determine which reactant is limiting when reacting hydrochloric acid with sodium carbonate.

Answer: Add known quantities of each reactant separately, measure the amount of carbon dioxide produced, and identify which reactant is used up first.

Question 2: List three safety precautions that should be taken when handling gases produced during reactions involving acids and carbonates.

Answer: Wear safety goggles, work in a well-ventilated area or fume cupboard, and handle acids with proper protective equipment.

Question 1: In an industrial process, 500 kg of reactant A reacts with 300 kg of reactant B to produce a product. The reaction's stoichiometry indicates that 450 kg of product should be formed if reactant A is limiting. However, only 410 kg are produced. What does this suggest about the limiting reactant?

Answer: Reactant B is limiting, as less product is formed than the theoretical maximum based on reactant A.

Question 2: Explain how the concept of limiting reactants can be used to optimise industrial chemical production.

Answer: By adjusting reactant ratios to ensure complete consumption of the limiting reactant, industries can maximise yields, reduce waste, and improve cost efficiency.

Question 1: Describe how the concept of limiting reactants is important in the manufacturing of fertilisers such as ammonia.

Answer: It helps optimise the amount of raw materials used, ensuring maximum ammonia production while minimising waste and cost.

Question 2: Identify a technological advancement that has improved the efficiency of reactions involving limiting reactants in industry.

Answer: Catalyst development, which speeds up reactions and allows for better control over reactant consumption.