Question 1: Define the term 'limiting reactant' in a chemical reaction.

Answer: The limiting reactant is the substance that is completely consumed first in a chemical reaction, limiting the amount of product formed.

Question 2: Explain why identifying the limiting reactant is important in chemical calculations.

Answer: Identifying the limiting reactant allows accurate calculation of the maximum amount of product that can be formed in a reaction.

Question 1: Given that 10 grams of hydrogen gas (H2) reacts with 80 grams of oxygen gas (O2) according to the reaction 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O, determine the limiting reactant and the maximum mass of water (H2O) produced.

Answer: Oxygen is the limiting reactant; maximum water produced is 68 grams.

Question 2: A reaction requires 25 grams of sodium (Na) to react with excess chlorine (Cl2). How many grams of sodium chloride (NaCl) can be formed if 30 grams of sodium is used?

Answer: Maximum NaCl formed is 58.4 grams.

Question 1: Describe the steps involved in designing an experiment to determine the limiting reactant in a reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid.

Answer: First, measure fixed amounts of magnesium and hydrochloric acid. Mix them and observe which reactant is completely consumed first. Record the amounts used. The reactant that is entirely used up is the limiting reactant. Repeat with different amounts to confirm.

Question 2: List two safety precautions that should be taken when performing experiments involving reactive metals and acids.

Answer: Wear safety goggles and gloves; conduct the experiment in a well-ventilated area or under a fume hood.

Question 1: In a reaction between aluminum and sulfuric acid, 20 grams of aluminum reacts with excess sulfuric acid, producing 55 grams of aluminum sulfate. If 25 grams of aluminum were used instead, predict the amount of aluminum sulfate produced, assuming the same reaction conditions.

Answer: The amount of aluminum sulfate produced would be approximately 68.75 grams, indicating aluminum as the limiting reactant in the first case.

Question 1: Explain how the concept of limiting reactants is important in the manufacturing of fertilizers, such as ammonium nitrate.

Answer: In fertilizer production, controlling the limiting reactant ensures maximum yield of ammonium nitrate while minimizing waste and cost.

Question 2: Describe one environmental benefit of accurately predicting limiting reactants in industrial chemical processes.

Answer: It reduces waste and emissions by optimizing reactant use, leading to more environmentally sustainable processes.