Question 1: A titration is a laboratory method used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration. It involves slowly adding the standard solution until the reaction reaches its endpoint, indicated by a colour change or other signal.

Answer: Titration is a quantitative laboratory technique to find the concentration of an unknown solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration and observing the reaction's endpoint.

Question 2: Define the term 'endpoint' in a titration.

Answer: The endpoint is the point in a titration where the reaction has just been completed, often indicated by a colour change.

Question 1: Explain why an indicator is used in a titration.

Answer: An indicator is used to signal the precise point when the reaction is complete by changing colour.

Question 2: Describe the role of the standard solution in a titration.

Answer: A standard solution has a known concentration and is used to react with the unknown solution to determine its concentration.

Question 1: A 25.0 cm³ sample of an unknown hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution is titrated with a 0.100 mol/dm³ sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. It requires 30.0 cm³ of NaOH to neutralise the acid. Calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution in mol/dm³. (Use the equation: M₁V₁ = M₂V₂)

Answer: 0.120 mol/dm³

Question 2: If the titration above was repeated and required 28.5 cm³ of NaOH to neutralise the same volume of acid, what is the new concentration of the HCl solution?

Answer: 0.114 mol/dm³

Question 1: List three safety precautions that should be observed when performing a titration in the laboratory.

Answer: Wear safety goggles, handle acids and alkalis carefully, and ensure the workspace is clean and uncluttered.

Question 2: Identify the variables that need to be controlled during a titration experiment.

Answer: The concentration of solutions, the titre volume, and the temperature.

Question 1: In a titration experiment, the initial volume of the acid was 25.0 cm³. The volume of base required to reach the endpoint ranged between 29.8 cm³ and 30.2 cm³ across multiple trials. Explain what this range indicates about the titration process.

Answer: The small range indicates good precision and consistency in the titration process, with minimal experimental error.

Question 1: Describe how titration is used in the pharmaceutical industry to ensure the correct concentration of medicines.

Answer: Titration is used to accurately determine the concentration of active ingredients in medicines, ensuring proper dosage and safety. By using standard solutions and precise calculations, manufacturers verify that medicines meet quality standards before distribution.