Question 1: Explain the scientific principle behind titrations and why they are used in chemistry.

Answer: Titrations are used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration. The principle is based on the stoichiometric reaction between the reactants, where an indicator signals the completion of the reaction.

Question 2: During a titration, what is the term used for the point at which the reaction is complete?

Answer: Equivalence point

Question 3: What safety precautions should be taken when performing a titration in the laboratory?

Answer: Wear safety goggles and gloves, handle acids and bases carefully, avoid spills or splashes, and work in a well-ventilated area.

Question 1: A 25.0 mL sample of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) is titrated with 0.100 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH). It takes 30.0 mL of NaOH to neutralize the acid. What is the molarity of the sulfuric acid? (Use the reaction: H₂SO₄ + 2NaOH → Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂O)

Answer: Molarity of H₂SO₄ = 0.067 M

Question 2: If a titration requires 40.0 mL of 0.200 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) to neutralize a sample of aluminum hydroxide, what is the mass of aluminum hydroxide in grams? (Reaction: Al(OH)₃ + 3HCl → AlCl₃ + 3H₂O; molar mass of Al(OH)₃ = 78 g/mol)

Answer: Mass of Al(OH)₃ = 1.55 g

Question 1: Describe the key variables that must be controlled during a titration experiment to ensure accurate results.

Answer: Volume of titrant added, concentration of solutions, temperature, and consistent swirling to ensure complete mixing.

Question 2: List and explain two safety precautions that should be followed during titration procedures.

Answer: Wear protective goggles and gloves to prevent contact with harmful chemicals; handle acids and bases carefully to avoid spills and burns.

Question 1: A student recorded the following data during a titration: 25.0 mL of an unknown acid required 28.0 mL of 0.150 M sodium hydroxide to neutralize. What is the concentration of the unknown acid?

Answer: Concentration of unknown acid = 0.084 M

Question 2: Based on the data, discuss whether the titration was performed correctly and suggest possible sources of error if the calculated concentration appears inconsistent with typical values.

Answer: The titration appears accurate if the calculations are correct. Possible errors could include misreading the burette, using impure chemicals, or incomplete mixing. Ensure proper technique and calibration to improve accuracy.

Question 1: How are titrations used in the food industry, particularly in the production of beverages?

Answer: Titrations are used to determine the acidity or alkalinity of beverages, ensuring correct pH levels and consistent flavor and quality.

Question 2: Explain how titrations are important in environmental testing, such as analyzing water quality.

Answer: Titrations help measure pollutants like acidity, alkalinity, or specific chemicals in water samples, ensuring safety and compliance with environmental standards.