Question 1: Define the term 'percentage yield' in the context of chemical reactions used in automotive catalytic converters.

Answer: Percentage yield is the ratio of the actual amount of product obtained to the theoretical maximum, expressed as a percentage.

Question 2: Explain why achieving a high percentage yield is important in the manufacturing of automotive catalytic converters.

Answer: A high percentage yield ensures maximum efficiency, reduces waste, and lowers production costs in manufacturing catalytic converters.

Question 1: A catalytic converter facilitates the conversion of 50.0 g of nitrogen oxides (NOx) into nitrogen (N₂) and oxygen. If the theoretical yield of nitrogen gas is 42.0 g, and the actual yield obtained is 36.0 g, calculate the percentage yield.

Answer: Percentage yield = (Actual yield / Theoretical yield) × 100 = (36.0 / 42.0) × 100 ≈ 85.7%

Question 2: In a different reaction within an automotive catalyst, 120 g of carbon monoxide (CO) reacts with excess oxygen to produce 144 g of carbon dioxide (CO₂). Calculate the percentage yield of CO₂ if the theoretical yield is 150 g.

Answer: Percentage yield = (144 / 150) × 100 = 96%

Question 1: Describe one safety precaution that must be taken when handling gases such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) in an industrial setting.

Answer: Gases like NOx are toxic; therefore, proper ventilation and personal protective equipment such as masks and gloves should be used.

Question 2: Identify one variable that could affect the percentage yield in the industrial production of catalytic converters and explain how.

Answer: Temperature; if too high or too low, it can reduce reaction efficiency and thus lower the yield.

Question 1: An automotive manufacturer reports that during a batch process, 200 g of a catalyst facilitates the conversion of 250 g of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) into sulphur trioxide (SO₃). The theoretical maximum yield is 275 g. Calculate the percentage yield and assess the efficiency of the process.

Answer: Percentage yield = (250 / 275) × 100 ≈ 90.9%; the process is quite efficient, but some loss occurs.

Question 1: Explain how the concept of percentage yield is important for the automotive industry, particularly in the development of catalytic converters. Include in your answer considerations of cost, efficiency, and environmental impact. (6 marks)

Answer: See full answer key