Question 1: Define a chemical cell (battery) and describe its main function.

Answer: A chemical cell, or battery, is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions.

Question 2: Explain why different types of batteries have different voltages.

Answer: Different batteries have different voltages because of variations in the electrochemical potentials of their electrode materials and electrolyte compositions.

Question 1: Calculate the total voltage produced by a cell made from a zinc electrode (standard potential -0.76 V) and a copper electrode (standard potential +0.34 V).

Answer: 1.10 V

Question 2: If a battery supplies a current of 2.0 A for 3 hours, calculate the total charge transferred in coulombs.

Answer: 21600 C

Question 1: Describe a simple experiment to test the voltage of a standard AA battery. Include key safety precautions.

Answer: One can use a voltmeter to measure the voltage across the battery terminals. Ensure the voltmeter is set to the correct voltage range. Handle batteries carefully to avoid short circuits or leaks, and do not expose batteries to extreme heat or water.

Question 2: Identify three variables that could affect the voltage output of a chemical cell in an experiment.

Answer: Electrode materials, electrolyte concentration, and temperature.

Question 1: A battery with a known chemical composition produces a measured voltage of 1.5 V. If the electrolyte concentration is increased, explain how this might affect the voltage and why.

Answer: Increasing electrolyte concentration can increase the voltage by improving ion flow and reducing internal resistance, up to a point, thus enhancing overall cell potential.

Question 1: Describe how rechargeable batteries differ from non-rechargeable batteries in terms of chemical reactions and practical use.

Answer: Rechargeable batteries can undergo reversible electrochemical reactions, allowing them to be recharged and reused multiple times. Non-rechargeable batteries rely on irreversible reactions that deplete their chemical reactants, making them single-use. Rechargeable batteries are used in devices like smartphones and electric vehicles, while non-rechargeable batteries are common in remote controls and clocks.

Question 2: Explain the importance of batteries in renewable energy technology and discuss one recent technological advancement in battery design.

Answer: Batteries are crucial for storing energy generated from renewable sources like solar and wind, enabling a stable power supply. A recent advancement is the development of solid-state batteries, which use solid electrolytes instead of liquid ones, offering higher energy density, improved safety, and longer lifespan.