Question 1: Define Fullerenes and describe their molecular structure.

Answer: Fullerenes are molecules composed entirely of carbon, shaped like hollow spheres, ellipsoids, or tubes, with a structure similar to a soccer ball made of pentagons and hexagons.

Question 2: Explain how covalent bonding occurs in Graphene and Fullerenes.

Answer: In Graphene and Fullerenes, each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds with neighboring carbon atoms, creating a strong, delocalized pi-electron system that provides stability and conductivity.

Question 1: Calculate the number of carbon atoms in a C60 Fullerene molecule. (Hint: C60 indicates 60 carbon atoms.)

Answer: 60

Question 2: If a sheet of Graphene has an area of 1 square meter and contains approximately 3 x 10^19 carbon atoms, what is the approximate number of carbon atoms per square centimeter?

Answer: 3 x 10^15

Question 1: Describe a simple experimental method to demonstrate the electrical conductivity of Graphene. Include the variables involved and safety precautions.

Answer: A basic experiment involves connecting a strip of Graphene between two electrodes attached to a power supply and a multimeter to measure current. Variables include the length and thickness of the Graphene strip. Safety precautions include avoiding short circuits, using insulated wires, and handling electrical components carefully.

Question 1: A researcher finds that a new fullerene-based material conducts electricity better when it is doped with a small amount of sulfur. Explain why doping can affect electrical conductivity in carbon allotropes.

Answer: Doping introduces additional electrons or holes into the material, which enhances the movement of charge carriers and improves electrical conductivity in Fullerenes and Graphene.

Question 1: Describe the main structural difference between Fullerenes and Graphene, and how this affects their properties.

Answer: Fullerenes are spherical or ellipsoidal molecules composed of carbon atoms arranged in pentagons and hexagons, forming a hollow structure. Graphene is a single, flat sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. The spherical structure of Fullerenes makes them useful for drug delivery and materials science, while the planar structure of Graphene gives it exceptional strength, flexibility, and electrical conductivity.

Question 1: Identify two uses of Graphene in modern technology and explain the scientific principles that make it suitable for these applications.

Answer: Graphene is used in flexible electronic displays due to its high electrical conductivity and flexibility, and in sensors because of its large surface area and sensitivity. Its delocalized pi-electrons enable efficient charge transfer, making it ideal for electronic and sensing devices.