Question 1: What is a simple molecule, and how does covalent bonding facilitate its formation?

Answer: A simple molecule consists of a small number of atoms bonded together through covalent bonds, where atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve stability.

Question 2: Explain why molecules like H₂O and CO₂ are considered simple molecules.

Answer: Because they are composed of a limited number of atoms connected by covalent bonds, with well-defined molecular structures, making them small and stable.

Question 1: Calculate the molecular formula of a molecule containing 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen. Use the atomic masses: H = 1 g/mol, O = 16 g/mol.

Answer: H2O

Question 2: Given that the bond dissociation energy of a single H–H bond is approximately 436 kJ/mol, estimate the energy required to break 3 H–H bonds in a molecule of hydrogen gas (H2).

Answer: 1308 kJ

Question 1: Describe a safe laboratory procedure to observe the properties of a simple molecule like water or carbon dioxide.

Answer: Use proper safety equipment such as gloves and goggles, conduct experiments in a well-ventilated area or under a fume hood, and avoid direct inhalation of gases. Handle chemicals carefully to prevent spills or reactions.

Question 2: Identify two variables that could affect the outcome of an experiment observing the boiling point of a simple molecule and explain how.

Answer: Variables include pressure (affects boiling point) and purity of the sample (impurities can change boiling temperature).

Question 1: A sample of a simple molecule has a molar mass of 34 g/mol and contains 2 atoms of hydrogen. Determine the molecular formula of the molecule.

Answer: H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide)

Question 2: If the molecular bond energy for a diatomic molecule is 500 kJ/mol, what is the energy per bond? Assume the molecule has only one bond.

Answer: 500 kJ

Question 1: Describe the process of covalent bonding in simple molecules and how this affects their physical properties such as boiling point and solubility. Provide examples.

Answer: Covalent bonding involves sharing electron pairs between atoms, resulting in stable molecules like H₂O and CH₄. These bonds influence physical properties; for example, water's hydrogen bonds lead to high boiling points, and molecular polarity affects solubility in water.

Question 1: Explain how understanding simple molecules like CO₂ is important in addressing climate change and industry.

Answer: Knowing the properties and behavior of CO₂ helps in developing strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve carbon capture technology, and design environmentally friendly industrial processes.

Question 2: Identify a common household product that contains simple molecules and describe how their covalent bonds contribute to its function.

Answer: Vinegar contains acetic acid molecules; covalent bonds between carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms give it its acidity and chemical properties used for cleaning and food preservation.