Question 1: Fractional distillation is a process used to separate different components of crude oil based on what property?

Answer: Boiling points

Question 2: Explain briefly how fractional distillation separates the components of crude oil.

Answer: Fractional distillation heats crude oil so that components with lower boiling points vaporize first. These vapors rise through a fractionating column where they cool and condense at different levels based on their boiling points, thus separating them.

Question 1: What is the main principle that allows different fractions of crude oil to be separated during distillation?

Answer: Differences in boiling points

Question 2: List three products obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil and their approximate boiling ranges.

Answer: Gasoline (40-200°C), kerosene (150-300°C), diesel (200-350°C)

Question 1: If a fraction condenses at a temperature of 80°C, what is the approximate boiling point range of its components?

Answer: Below 80°C

Question 2: A crude oil sample contains 30% gasoline, 20% kerosene, and 50% diesel by volume. If 1000 liters of crude oil are processed, how many liters of each fraction are obtained?

Answer: Gasoline: 300 liters, Kerosene: 200 liters, Diesel: 500 liters

Question 1: Identify two key safety precautions that must be taken when performing fractional distillation in a laboratory.

Answer: Use proper protective equipment and ensure proper ventilation.

Question 2: Describe the role of the fractionating column in fractional distillation.

Answer: The fractionating column provides a temperature gradient that allows components with different boiling points to vaporize and condense at different levels, improving separation efficiency.

Question 1: During a distillation process, it was observed that the vapor condenses at 120°C. Based on typical boiling point ranges, which main crude oil fraction is likely being collected?

Answer: Kerosene

Question 2: A batch process yields the following approximate distribution: 25% gasoline, 35% kerosene, 40% diesel. What does this tell you about the crude oil used? Provide a brief explanation.

Answer: It suggests that the crude oil has a typical composition with a significant portion of heavier fractions like diesel, and a moderate amount of lighter fractions like gasoline and kerosene, reflecting common crude oil characteristics.

Question 1: Explain how fractional distillation is important in the petroleum industry.

Answer: It allows the separation of crude oil into useful products like gasoline, diesel, and kerosene, which are essential for transportation, heating, and other applications.

Question 2: Describe one technological advancement that improves the efficiency of fractional distillation processes today.

Answer: The use of advanced fractionating columns with improved temperature control and automation enhances separation efficiency and energy conservation.