Question 1: Define fractional distillation and explain its purpose in separating crude oil components.

Answer: Fractional distillation is a process that separates different hydrocarbons in crude oil based on their boiling points, allowing the collection of useful fuels and chemicals.

Question 1: Describe how the temperature gradient in the distillation column helps in separating the hydrocarbons.

Answer: The temperature decreases from the bottom to the top of the column, causing hydrocarbons with higher boiling points to condense lower down and those with lower boiling points to condense higher up, enabling separation.

Question 1: If a hydrocarbon has a boiling point of 80°C, at what temperature should the distillation be set to collect it effectively?

Answer: Approximately 80°C, typically a few degrees above the boiling point to ensure vaporization.

Question 2: A mixture of hydrocarbons boils over a temperature range of 40°C to 120°C. What is the approximate temperature range needed for their separation?

Answer: From about 40°C to 120°C, to effectively separate hydrocarbons with different boiling points.

Question 1: Name two safety precautions that should be taken during the fractional distillation of crude oil.

Answer: Use proper protective equipment such as gloves and goggles; ensure proper ventilation and avoid open flames near flammable vapors.

Question 1: A distillation column produces several fractions: gasoline (boiling range 35-200°C), kerosene (150-250°C), and diesel (200-300°C). Which fraction would be collected at approximately 180°C, and why?

Answer: Kerosene, because its boiling range includes around 180°C, and it condenses at that temperature due to its boiling point.

Question 1: Explain how fractional distillation is used in the petroleum industry to produce fuels for cars and planes.

Answer: In the petroleum industry, crude oil is heated in a furnace and then fed into a distillation column. The different hydrocarbons condense at various heights based on their boiling points, allowing separation into fractions like gasoline for cars and jet fuel for planes. This process ensures efficient production of fuels needed for transportation.

Question 1: How has fractional distillation technology advanced to improve fuel production and environmental safety?

Answer: Advances include more efficient distillation columns, better control systems to reduce emissions, and the development of methods to produce cleaner fuels, reducing environmental impact.