Question 1: Fractional distillation is a process used to separate different components of a mixture based on their boiling points. In crude oil, it allows the separation of fuels like petrol, diesel, and kerosene. Explain briefly how the process works.

Answer: It involves heating the mixture so that components with lower boiling points vaporize first, then condense at different levels in a fractionating column based on their boiling points, thereby separating them.

Question 1: What is the main purpose of using a fractionating column in fractional distillation?

Answer: To provide a temperature gradient that helps separate components based on their boiling points.

Question 2: Name two products that can be obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil.

Answer: Petrol and diesel.

Question 1: If a component in crude oil boils at 150°C, and the boiling point of water is 100°C, at what temperature should the fractionating column be set to collect this component?

Answer: Approximately 150°C

Question 2: A sample of crude oil is heated, and vapor condenses at different levels in the column. If the vapor condenses at 50°C and 120°C, which fractions are likely being collected at these temperatures?

Answer: At 50°C, likely LPG or butane; at 120°C, likely kerosene or diesel.

Question 1: Describe the main safety precautions that should be taken when performing fractional distillation in a laboratory setting.

Answer: Use proper protective equipment such as gloves and goggles, ensure good ventilation, handle hot equipment carefully, and avoid inhaling vapors.

Question 2: Identify three variables that must be controlled during fractional distillation and explain why.

Answer: Temperature (to control boiling points), pressure (to maintain consistent vaporization), and the height of the column (to ensure proper separation).

Question 1: During fractional distillation, the temperature in the column increases gradually from 40°C to 200°C. What does this temperature gradient indicate about the separation process?

Answer: It shows that different components vaporize at different temperatures, allowing their separation at specific levels in the column.

Question 2: A report states that the vapor condenses at 170°C, and the collected liquid is mainly kerosene. Based on this information, what can you infer about the boiling point of kerosene?

Answer: Kerosene likely boils around 170°C, which is why it condenses at that temperature in the column.

Question 1: Explain how fractional distillation is used in the petroleum industry to produce fuels and other products.

Answer: Crude oil is heated in large distillation towers; different fractions like gasoline, kerosene, and diesel are collected at various levels based on their boiling points, enabling the production of fuels and raw materials for chemicals.

Question 2: Describe a day-to-day life product that results from fractional distillation and its importance.

Answer: Gasoline (petrol) used in cars, which is essential for transportation.